Safety and Clinical Usage of Newcastle Disease Virus in Cancer Therapy

Table 1

Summary of the immunological properties of NDV.

Immunity	Consequences
Innate immunity	Apoptotic bodies lead to dendritic cell activation: augmentation of macrophage phagocytosis ability.
	Chemokines induction (RANTES and IP-10): stimulates chemotaxis, as well as recruitment of monocytes and T cells.
	Virus progeny resulted in monocyte activation: increased synthesis of NF-𝜅B, NO, TRAIL, and augmentation of cytotoxic effect.
Adaptive immunity	T cells costimulation: upregulated MHC molecules expression, enhanced antigen presentation, and increased expression of cell adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1 and LFA-3 molecules.
	Expression of viral HN molecules: increased production of IFN-α and TRAIL.
	Presence of double-stranded RNA: stimulation of TLR-3, IFN-α and heat shock protein expression.