Modulation of Specific and Allergy-Related Immune Responses by Helminths

Table 2

Effects of helminth infections and helminth-derived products/molecules on improvement of symptoms in allergy-related experimental animal models.

	Allergy model	Suppressive mechanism	Reference
Defined helminth molecules; (from helminth species)
smCKBP; (S. mansoni)	Hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity	NA^3	[27]
Sm22.6, PIII and Sm29; (S. mansoni)	OVA-induced AI^1	CD4^+Foxp3^+ Treg	[65]
As-MIF; (A. simplex)	OVA-induced AI	IL-10, TGF-β, and Treg dependent	[66]
PAS-1; (A. suum)	APAS-3-induced AI	Possibly IL-10	[67]
	OVA-induced AHR^2	CD4^+CD25^+ T cell-, CD8^+ T cell-dependent and IL-10/TGF-β-, IFN-γ-mediated	[68, 69]
Nippocystatin (NbCys); (N. brasiliensis)	OVA-induced AI	Cathepsin B and cathepsin L-dependent mechanism	[70]
AvCystatin (Av17); (A. viteae)	OVA-induced AHR	IL-10, macrophages, partially CD4^+CD25^+ T cells	[71]
ES-62; (A. viteae)	Oxazolone- (Oxa-) induced skin immediate hypersensitivity OVA-induced AHR	Mast cell mediated, TLR4-dependent	[72]
Helminth infection and undefined products
S. mansoni infection; males and females + eggs laid in infection; males (no eggs)	Pen V-induced systemic anaphylaxis	IL-10-producing B cells	[73]
S. mansoni infection; males (no eggs)	OVA-induced AHR	B cell- and IL-10-dependent suppression of pulmonary eosinophil infiltration	[74]
S. mansoni infection; eggs	OVA-induced AI	Egg-treatment: CD4^+CD25^+Foxp3^+Treg	[75]
S. japonicum egg antigen (SEA)	OVA-induced AI	CD4^+CD25^+ Treg, possibly IL-10	[76]
A. suum adult worm extract (ASC)	OVA-induced AHR	NA	[77]
Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection	OVA-induced AHR	IL-10	[78]
	OVA-induced AHR; HDM-induced AI	IL-10-independent, CD4^+CD25^+ T cells; IL-10-independent Breg cells	[79, 80]
	Peanut extract-induced food allergy	IL-10	[81]
H. polygyrus excretory-secretory product (HES)	OVA-induced AI	HES-induced Treg cells	[82]
N. brasiliensis infection	OVA-induced AHR	IL-10 from unknown cell source	[83]
N. brasiliensis excretory-secretory product (NES)	OVA-induced AI	NA (IL-10 independent)	[84]
Strongyloides stercoralis infection	OVA-induced AI	NA	[85]
Strongyloides venezuelensis infection	OVA-induced AI	NA	[86]
T. spiralis infection	OVA-induced AI	Correlated with increased IL-10, TGF-β, CD4^+CD25^+ Treg	[87]
L. sigmodontis infection	OVA-induced AHR	TGF-β, CD4^+CD25^+ Treg	[88]

¹ (AI): airway inflammation, associated with inflammatory cell influx into the lungs and local Th2 cytokine production.
² (AHR): airway hyperreactivity, mainly described as lung bronchiole and smooth-muscle tissue remodelling leading to airflow obstruction, resulting in altered airway function. Chronic airway inflammation may lead to AHR, however, different immunopathological pathways govern the regulation of AI and AHR (discussed elsewhere [89–93]).
³ NA data not available.