The Role of Costimulatory Receptors of the Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptor Family in Atherosclerosis

Table 1

Expression and key features of costimulatory TNFR family members in T cells.

Receptor/ligand	Receptor distribution	Ligand distribution	Main effects on T cells	Ref.
CD40/CD40L	APCs (DCs, B cells, macrophages)	Activated T cells; Activated DCs	Promotes T-cell activation by increasing costimulatory ligands on APCs	[43, 44]
OX40/OX40L	Activated T cells; Treg cells; NK cells; NKT cells; Neutrophils	APCs (DCs, B cells, and macrophages); Activated T cells; NK cells; Activated endothelial cells; Smooth muscle cells; Mast cells	Prolongs T-cell clonal expansion; Increases production of cytokines from effector T cells; Promotes the survival of activated T cells; Inhibits the development and suppressive function of Treg cells (?)	[70, 71]
4-1BB/4-1BBL	Activated T cells; Monocytes; DCs; NK cells; NKT cells; Neutrophils; Endothelial cells	APCs (DCs, B cells, and macrophages); Activated T cells	Promotes the activation, survival, and function of effector T cells	[94]
CD27/CD70	Naive T cells; Thymocytes; Memory B cells; NK cells	APCs (DCs and B cells); Activated T cells	Regulates the generation of effector T cells by enhancing the proliferation and survival of activated T cells	[118, 119]
CD30/CD30L	Activated T cells; B cells; NK cells; Eosinophils	B cells; Activated T cells	Increases proliferation and cytokine production of T cells	[128–130]
HVEM/LIGHT	Resting T cells; DCs; Monocytes	Monocytes; Immature DCs; Activated T cells; NK cells	Promotes T-cell activation and cytokine production	[134, 135]
GITR/GITRL	Resting and activated T cells; Constitutive; Expression in Treg cells	APCs (DCs, B cells, and macrophages)	Enhances the proliferation and survival of activated T cells; Potentiates the production of cytokines from effector T cells; Role in suppressive function of Treg cells	[98, 139, 141, 142]