Applications of the Phytomedicine Echinacea purpurea (Purple Coneflower) in Infectious Diseases

Table 6

Antimicrobial effects of EP.

Species	Relative microbicidal activity of EP (− to ++)	Anti-inflammatory response by EP (+ or −)
Streptococcus pyogenes	++	+
Hemophilus influenzae	++	+
Legionella pneumophila	++	+
Staphylococcus aureus	+/−	+
Klebsiella pneumoniae	+/−	nt
Propionibacterium acnes	++	+
Mycobacterium smegmatis	+	+
Clostridium difficile	++	+
Candida albicans	+	nt
Leishmania donovani	+	+
Trypanosoma brucei	+	nt
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)	n/a	+

Data from [61, 62]. nt = not tested; n/a = not applicable.