Acid-Base Disorders in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Pathophysiological Review

Table 1

Mixed acid-base disturbances in COPD.

Acute on chronic respiratory acidosis	Respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis
Reexacerbation of COPD	Volume depletion
	Diuretics
	Vomiting
	Severe hypokalemia
	Steroids
	Posthypercapnic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis	Resp. acidosis, met. acidosis, and met. alkalosis
Severe hypoxemia
Acute pulmonary edema	Renal failure and vomiting; Severe hypoxemia and volume depletion; Sepsis and hypokalemia
Renal failure
Sepsis
Shock
Diabetes mellitus
Acute alcoholism
Exogenous poisoning