Breast Cancer Chemoprevention: Old and New Approaches

Table 1

Class, specific pathways, and agents actually involved in the treatment and prevention of ER-breast cancer.

Class	Targets	Drugs or agents
Nuclear receptors	Retinoid acid receptor RXR	Fenretinide (4-HPR) 9 cis-retinoic acid (Targretin)
	VDR	VIT D3 analogues
	PPAR𝛾	Troglitazone, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone
Membrane receptors and signal transduction	HMG-CoA	Statins
	Tyrosine kinase	Gefitinib (Iressa)
	HER-1, HER-2	Trastuzumab (Herceptin), lapatinib, gefitinib, erlotinib
	IGF-R, IGF-1, IGFBP3	Metformin
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant	COX-2	celecoxib, rofecoxib, NSAIDs
Angiogenesis	VEGF	Bevacizumab
DNA modulation	BRCA1-BRCA2	PARP inhibitors

4-HPR: N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide; COX: cyclooxygenase; ER: oestrogen receptor; HMGCoA: 3 hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PARP: poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases; PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; RXr: retinoid X receptors, VDR: vitamin D receptor.