The Influence of Comorbidities on Outcomes of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs in Patients with COPD: A Systematic Review

Table 3

Overview of the logistic regression analyses performed in each article.

Comorbidity	Author	Outcome variables of PR	Measurement	OR (95% CI)	𝑃 value
Anxiety and/or depression	Carreiro et al. [17]	Improvement in dyspnea; (defined as +1 point)	MDI	0.10 (0.02 to 0.58)	0.01
Osteoporosis	Crisafulli et al. [16]	Improvement in dyspnea; (defined as −1 point)	MRC	0.69 (0.66 to 1.48)	0.07
	Crisafulli et al. [18]	Improvement in functional exercise capacity; (defined as +54 meter)	6MWD	0.28 (0.11 to 0.70)	<0.01
Cardiovascular disease	Crisafulli et al. [16]	Improvement in functional exercise capacity; (defined as +54 meter)	6MWD	2.36 (1.85 to 3.01)	0.001
	Carreiro et al. [17]	Improvement in quality of life; (defined as −4 points)	SGRQ	0.20 (0.05 to 0.85)	0.03
	Crisafulli et al. [16]	Improvement in quality of life; (defined as −4 points)	SGRQ	0.67 (0.55 to 0.83)	0.001
Metabolic disease	Crisafulli et al. [16]	Improvement in dyspnea; (defined as −1 point)	MRC	1.17 (0.93 to 1.77)	0.10
	Carreiro et al. [17]	Improvement in functional exercise capacity; (defined as +30 meter)	6MWD	4.57 (0.91 to 23.0)	0.07
	Crisafulli et al. [16]	Improvement in functional exercise capacity; (defined as +54 meter)	6MWD	0.57 (0.49 to 0.67)	0.001
	Walsh et al. [20]	Improvement in functional exercise capacity; (defined as +60.9 meter)	6MWD	2.47 (1.08 to 5.67)	0.03
	Crisafulli et al. [16]	Improvement in quality of life; (defined as −4 points)	SGRQ	0.91 (0.77 to 1.07)	0.25

Cardiovascular disease (ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypertension); metabolic disease (diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity); bone disease (osteopenia, osteoporosis); MDI: Mahler Dyspnea Index; MRC: Medical Research Council Scale; 6MWD: six-minute walking distance; SGRQ: St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.
represents significant positive associations; represents significant negative associations; represents nonsignificant positive associations; represents nonsignificant negative associations.