|
| Cytokine | Proposed vasculogenic mechanism |
|
| VEGF | Endothelial cell motility, proliferation, and survival |
| EPC mobilization and homing |
| Upregulation of other vasculogenic cytokines |
| Promotes integrin expression |
|
| SDF-1 | Trafficking of EPCs and HSCs |
| Hypoxia-responsive EPC recruitment |
|
| PDGF | Pericyte recruitment and vessel maturation |
| EPC migration and expansion |
| Closely associated with VEGF pathways |
|
| FGF | VEGF-dependent neovascularization |
| Bone-marrow-derived perivascular cell recruitment |
| Vascular remodeling |
|
| GM-CSF | EPC recruitment and mobilization |
| Monocyte/macrophage recruitment and activation |
| Modulation of immune and inflammatory pathways |
|
| S1P | Promotes migration of embryonic angioblasts and endothelial cells |
| Blood vessel maturation |
| May augment vasculogenic effects of PDGF |
|
| MMP-9 | EPC recruitment and mobilization |
| Induces release of vasculogenic growth factors from the extracellular matrix |
|
| TGFβ | Promotes VEGF pathways |
| Enhances MSC differentiation into pericytes |
| Activates EPC transdifferentiation into smooth muscle |
|
