A Broader View: Microbial Enzymes and Their Relevance in Industries, Medicine, and Beyond

Table 5

A broad spectrum idea about using the application of enzymes in different areas.

Types of industries	Enzymes	Use	References
Alcohol/beverage	Amylase, glucanases, proteases, beta-glucanases, arabinoxylans, amyloglucosidase, pullulanases, and acetolactate decarboxylase	Degradation of starch and polycarbonated into simple sugar. Also for degrading complex proteins into sugars thus to increase the fermentation efficiency. Production of low calorie beer	[23, 116–123]
Fruit drinks	Cellulases, pectinases	Clarify fruit juice	[124, 125]
Baby food	Trypsin	Predigest baby foods	[126]
Food processing	Amylase, protease, and papain	Degradation of starch and complex proteins, softening of meat	[127–129]
Dairy	Rennin, lipases, and lactases	Hydrolysing protein, cheese production (Roquefort cheese), and glucose production from lactose	[130–132]
Detergent	Protease, amylase, lipase, cellulases, and mannanase	To remove protein after staining, remove insoluble starch in dish washing, removing oils and fats, and to increase the effectiveness of detergents	[23, 124, 128, 131, 133]
Textile	Amylase, pectinase, cellulases, catalase, and protease	To remove starch size, glue between the fiber core and the waxes, fabric finishing in denims, degrading residual hydrogen peroxide after the bleaching of cotton, wool treatment, and the degumming of raw silk also known as biopolishing	[23, 124, 125, 128, 134]
Paper and pulp	Amylases, xylanases, cellulases, hemicellulose, ligninases, and esterase	Degrade starch to lower viscosity, aiding sizing, deinking, and coating paper. Xylanases reduce bleach required for decolorizing; cellulases and hemicellulase smooth fibers, enhance water drainage, and promote ink removal; lipases reduce pitch and lignin-degrading enzymes remove lignin to soften paper, for esterification	[23, 124, 135]
Animal feedstock	Phytase	Increase total phosphorous content for growth, increase in phytic acid need	[136]
Rubber	Catalase	Generate oxygen from peroxide to convert latex into foam rubber	[128]
Oil and petroleum	Cellulases, ligninases, and mannanase	Formation of ethanol, forming gel breaker in oil drilling	[133, 135]
Biopolymer/plastic	Laccases, peroxidases, lipases, and transglutaminases	Forming cross-links in biopolymers to produce materials in situ by means of polymerization processes	[131, 137]
Pharmaceutical	Nitrile hydratase, D-amino acid oxidase, glutaric acid acylase, penicillin acylase, penicillin G acylase, ammonia lyase, and humulin	Producing water soluble intermediates, semisynthetic antibiotics, intermediate for aspartame, and biosynthetic human insulin	[138, 139]
Molecular biology	Restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, and polymerases	Used to manipulate DNA in genetic engineering, essential for restriction of digestion and the polymerase chain reaction, also important in forensic science	[140]