Genetic Variations of α-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase Are Associated with Sporadic Prostate Cancer Risk in Ethnically Homogenous Koreans
Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects.
Variables
Cases
Controls
P valuea
Age, years (median)
(68.0)
(61.0)
<0.001
Serum PSA, ng/mL (median)
(9.8)
(1.0)
<0.001
Serum PSA (ng/mL), no.
<0.001
<4
11 (5.7%)
160 (94.7%)
4–10 (≥4 to <10)
87 (44.9%)
8 (4.7%)
10–20 (≥10 to <20)
43 (22.2%)
1 (0.6%)
≥20
53 (27.3%)
0 (0.0%)
BMI, kg/m2 (median)
(24.1)
(24.2)
0.800
BMI, no.
0.388
<25
127 (65.5%)
102 (61.1%)
≥25
67 (34.5%)
65 (38.9%)
Smoking, pack years (median)
(18.3)
(14.9)
0.264
Smoking status, no.
0.672
Never
52 (26.8%)
42 (24.9%)
Ever
142 (73.2%)
127 (75.2%)
Drinking status, no.
0.002
Never
68 (35.1%)
34 (20.1%)
Ever
126 (65.0%)
135 (79.9%)
Hypertension, no.
0.502
No
120 (61.9%)
109 (65.3%)
Yes
74 (38.1%)
58 (34.7%)
Family history of prostate cancer†
0.132
No
186 (95.9%)
146 (98.6%)
Yes
8 (4.1%)
2 (1.4%)
Gleason score, no.
2–6
99 (51.0%)
7
62 (32.0%)
8–10
33 (17.0%)
pTstage, no.
pT0
6 (3.1%)
pT2a
37 (19.1%)
pT2b
3 (1.6%)
pT2c
89 (45.9%)
pT3a
31 (16.0%)
pT3b
28 (14.4%)
Immunohistochemistry of AMACR
Serum PSA, ng/mL
P valuea
<4
4–10 (≥4 to <10)
10–20 (≥10 to <20)
≥20
0 (no staining)
1 (2.6%)
10 (25.6%)
7 (18%)
21 (53.9%)
0.004
1+ (weakly positive)
0 (0%)
16 (47.1%)
9 (26.5%)
9 (26.5%)
2+ (positive)
5 (9.1%)
25 (45.5%)
12 (21.8%)
13 (23.6%)
3+ (strongly positive)
5 (7.7%)
36 (55.4%)
15 (23.1%)
9 (13.9%)
PSA: prostate specific antigen; BMI: body mass index; no.: number; AMACR: (R)-alpha-methyl-CoA racemase. Pearson’s test for categorical variables and independent t-test for continuous variables; two-sided P-values. “Family” represents relatives with the exception of first-degree relative, excluding 21 persons with missing values in the control group.
