Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Cells for Bone Regereneration: State of the Art

Table 1

Preclinical studies on ASC osteoregenerative potential.

Experimental model	Species	Scaffold/administration	Additional ex vivo/in vivo treatment	Graft type	Reference
Calvarial defect	Rat	PLGA	Alendronate	Xenogeneic	[74]
	Rabbit	HA-PLGA, collagen sponge	BV-BMP2/TGF β3	Allogeneic	[120]
	Mouse	PLGA	Dura mater	Xenogeneic	[117]
	Rat	β-TCP	Lenti-miR-31	Allogeneic	[110]
	Mouse	Custom scaffold	NOGGIN shRNA-Knockout	Xenogeneic	[119]
	Dog	HA-PLGA	None	Xenogeneic	[122]
	Mouse	Systemic injection	None	Allo/xenogeneic	[115]
	Mouse	Local injection	None	Xenogeneic	[116]
	Rat	DBM, PLA	None	Xenogeneic	[123]
	Rat	MAP-coated PCL/PLGA	None	Xenogeneic	[111]
	Rat	HA-β-TCP	None	Xenogeneic	[126]
	Rat	PLGA	None/osteogenic medium	Xenogeneic	[125]
	Dog	Coral	Osteogenic induction	Autologous	[109]
	Dog	Coral	Osteogenic induction	Allogeneic	[121]
	Pig	Collagen sponge	Osteogenic induction	Autologous	[127]
	Rat	DBX	Osteogenic induction	Allogeneic	[112]
	Rat	PCL-PLGA-β-TCP	Osteogenic induction + HUVEC	Xenogeneic	[113]
	Mouse	pDA-PLGA	rhBMP-2	Xenogeneic	[114]
	Rabbit	Collagen sponge	rhBMP-2	Allogeneic	[124]
	Mouse	HA-PLGA	Sonic hedgehog signaling Induction	Xenogeneic	[118]
	Rat	Local injection	VEGFa	Xenogeneic	[108]
Ectopic bone formation	Mouse	PLGA	BMP2/RUNX2 bicistronic vector	Xenogeneic	[75]
	Mouse	PRP + alginate microsphere	None	Allogeneic	[131]
	Mouse	β-TCP	None	Xenogeneic	[121]
	Rat	HA	None	Xenogeneic	[128]
	Rat	Matrigel	Osteogenic induction	Xenogeneic	[133]
	Rat	DBM	Osteogenic induction	Xenogeneic	[132]
	Mouse	Carbon nanotubes	rhBMP2	Xenogeneic	[130]
	Rat	PLDA	rhBMP2	Xenogeneic	[129]
Segmental defect	Rabbit	Local injection	Bovine BMP	Allogeneic	[135]
	Rat	Fibrin matrix	rhBMP2	Allogeneic	[139]
	Rat	β-TCP	Lenti-BMP2/7	Allogeneic	[134]
	Rabbit	PLA/PCL + vascularized periosteum	Ad-Cbfa1	Allogeneic	[140]
	Rabbits	HA-PLA-COL	Ad-hBMP2	Allogeneic	[137]
Segmental defect	Mouse	Systemic injection	None	Allogeneic	[140]
	Rat	Collagen gel	None	Xenogeneic	[145]
	Rabbit	PLGA	None/osteogenic medium	Xenogeneic	[112]
	Dog	β-TCP	None	Allogeneic	[138]
	Rabbit	HA	None	Autologous	[93]
	Rabbit	Ceramics, biphasic materials	None	Allogeneic	[136]
Vertebral defect/fusion	Mouse	Local injection	rhBMP6 nucleofection	Xenogeneic	[143]
	Rat	Lyophilized human cancellous bone	Gal-KO + osteogenic induction	Xenogeneic	[142]
	Rat	Fibrin gel	rhBMP6 nucleofection	Xenogeneic	[144]
Mandible defect	Pig	Local-systemic injection	None	Allogeneic	[147]
	Rat	HA/COL	None	Xenogeneic	[146]

HA: hydroxyapatite; PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PLA/PCL: polylactic acid/polycaprolacton; Ad-Cbfa1: adenoviral expression vector carrying the Cbfa1 gene; DBM: demineralized bone matrix; β-TCP: beta-tricalcium phosphate; Lenti-miR-31: lentivirus expression vector carrying the microRNA-31; p-DA: polydopamine; PRP: platelet-rich plasma; Lenti-BMP2/7: lentivirus expression vector carrying either the BMP2 or the BMP7 gene, MAP: mussel adhesive proteins, NOGGIN shRNA: short hairpin ribonucleic acid to knockdown NOGGIN gene, COL: collagen; BV-BMP2/TGF β3: baculovirus expression vector carrying either the BMP2 or the TGF β3 gene, MAP: mussel adhesive proteins; Gal-KP: galactosyl-knock-out; a-CaP: amorphous calcium phosphate; *these studies were based on uncultured SVF instead of culture-amplified ASCs.