Cyanobacterial Toxin Degrading Bacteria: Who Are They?

Table 1

Isolated microcystin degrading Bacteria.

Bacteria	Source	16S rRNA gene; GenBank accession number	Degradable analogues	MC-degrading genes	Degradation of other toxins	References
Actinobacteria
Arthrobacter sp.	Surface water	FN392690, FN392691, FN392693, FN392694, FN392695, FN392696	MCLR, MCRR, MCLF	—	NOD	[30]
Brevibacterium sp.	Surface water	FN392692	MCLR, MCRR, MCLF	—	NOD	[30]
Rhodococcus sp.	Surface water	FN392688, FN392689	MCLR, MCRR, MCLF	—	NOD	[30]
Microbacterium sp.	Lake water	—	MCLR	Unknown		[31]
Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 and 420	Probiotic strains	—	MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LF, MC-LY, MC-LW	Unknown	CYN	[32, 33]
Bifidobacterium longum 46	Probiotic strains	—	MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LF, MC-LY, MC-LW	Unknown	CYN	[32, 33]
Firmicutes
Bacillus sp. EMB/JSEM1	Artificial media	FJ526332	MCLR, MCRR	mlrA		[34]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and LC-705	Probiotic strains	AY370682	MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LF, MC-LY, MC-LW	Unknown	CYN	[32, 33]
𝛼-Proteobacteria
Sphingomonas sp. ACM-3962 or MJ-PV	Surface water	AF411072	MCLR, MCRR	mlrA; mlrB; mlrC; mlrD		[35]
Sphingomonas sp. 7CY	Lake water	AB076083		Unknown		[36]
Sphingomonas sp. B9	Lake water	AB159609	MCLR, MCRR, NOD	Unknown	NOD
Sphingomonas sp. CBA4		AY920497		Unknown		[37]
Sphingomonas sp. MD-1	Lake water	AB110635	MCLR, MCRR, MCYR	mlrA		[27, 38]
Sphingomonas sp. MDB2 (Sphingosinicella sp.)	Lake water	AB219940	MCLR, MCRR, MCYR	Unknown		[39]
Sphingomonas sp. MDB3 (Sphingosinicella sp.)	Lake water	AB219941	MCLR, MCRR, MCYR	Unknown		[39]
Sphingomonas sp. Y2; (Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans)	Lake water	NR_040927/AB084247	MCLR, MCRR, MCYR	mlrA		[40]
Sphingomonas stygia	Lake water	—	MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR	Unknown		[38]
Sphingopyxis sp. LH21	Biological sand filter	DQ112242	MCLR, MCLA	mlrA; mlrB; mlrC; mlrD		[41–43]
Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05		—	MCLR, MCRR, MCYR, MCLA	mlrA		[44–46]
Sphingopyxis sp. TT25	Reservoir water	JQ398614	MCLR, MCRR, MCYR, MCLA	mlrA		[28]
Sphingomonas sp. NV3	Lake water	JN256930	Unknown	mlrA		Unpublished
Novosphingobium sp. THN1	Lake water	HQ664117	MCLR	mlrA; mlrB; mlrC; mlrD		[47]
Sphingopyxis sp. C-1	Water bloom	AB161684	MCLR	mlrA		[48]
Rhizobium gallicum	Lake water	—	MCLR	Unknown		[49]
𝛽-Proteobacteria
Burkholderia sp.	Surface water	DQ459360	MCLR	Unknown		[50]
Methylobacillus sp. J10	Sludge from Cyanobacteria salvaged yard	FJ418599	MCLR, MCRR	—		[51]
Paucibacter toxinivorans	Lake sediment	NR_042941	MCLR, MCYR, NOD	—		[52]
Ralstonia solanacearum		—		—		[53]
𝛾-Proteobacteria		—		—
Morganella morganii	Lake water active; anthracite biofilter	—	MCLR	—	NOD	[24]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Lake water	—	MCLR	—		[54]
Stenotrophomonas sp. EMS	Lake water	—	MCLR, MCRR	mlrA		[29]

CYN: cylindrospermopsin, NOD: nodularin, MC: microcystin, A: alanine, F: phenylalanine, L: leucine, R: arginine, Y: tyrosine, W: tryptophan, mlr: mycrocystinase gene.