Paired Measurements of Paraoxonase 1 and Serum Amyloid A as Useful Disease Markers

Figure 1

A speculative interplay between PON1 and SAA in HDL particles. Apo-I: apolipoprotein A-I, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, PON1: paraoxonase 1, and SAA: serum amyloid A. Based on well-accepted evidence, chronic inflammation induces the secretion of SAA by the liver via cytokine signaling as depicted in (1). SAA may also stem from local extrahepatic synthesis at the site of atherosclerotic lesions (2). Under such conditions of increased SAA, a reduction of PON1 activity and apoA-I is seen in HDL particles. This renders a functionally deficient HDL particle (dysfunctional HDL) (3), for instance, which has less anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects (4). Paired measurements of both SAA and PON1 may offer useful information on these pathways of dysfunctional HDL in several disease entities and deserve future basic and clinical studies as a potential biomarker pair (5).