Role of Redox Signaling in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Figure 2

Oxidative stress and antioxidants imbalance in inflammation. In inflammation, the balance appears to be tipped in favor of increased oxidative stress by various specialized enzymes, including Nox, Xox, P450, COX, or NOS, either because of excessive ROS release or inflammatory mediators leading to the amplification of the proinflammatory effects. In contrast, induction of several antioxidants, such as SOD, catalase, GPx, thioredoxin, or HO-1, may reduce ROS generation and attenuate the inflammatory response (anti-inflammation). Nox: NADPH oxidase; Xox: Xanthine oxidase; P450: P450 enzyme; COX: cyclooxygenase; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1.