What Is Recent in Pancreatic Cancer Immunotherapy?

Table 2

Peptide vaccines-based clinical trial.

Peptide (Adjuvant)	Combination	Patients enrolled	Phase of the study	Clinical results	References
100 mer MUC1; (SB-AS2 adjuvant)		16 with resected or locally advanced PC	I	Detectable MUC1-specific humoral and T-cell responses were detected in some patients.	[102]
100 mer MUC1 (incomplete Freund’s adjuvant)		6 with advanced PC	I	One patient showed a tendency for increased circulating anti-MUC1 IgG antibody.	[103]
VEGFR2-169	Gemcitabine	21 with unresectable PC	I	Specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) reacting to the VEGFR2-169 peptide were induced in 11 (61%) of the 18 evaluable patients. The disease control rate was 67%, and the median overall survival time was 8.7 months.	[101]
Telomerase (GM-CSF)		48 with advanced PC	I/II	Immune responses were observed in 24 of 38 evaluable patients. One-year survival for the evaluable patients in the intermediate dose group was 25%.	[105]
Mutant K-ras (GM-CSF)		10 with resected and 38 with advanced PC	I/II	Immune response to the peptide vaccine showed prolonged survival compared to nonresponders. K-ras-specific T cells were selectively accumulated in the tumor.	[77]
Mutant K-ras (GM-CSF)		24 with resected PC	Pilot study	Vaccination proved to be safe and tolerable with however no elicitable immunogenicity and unproven efficacy.	[107]
13 mer mutant ras		5 with PC and 7 with colorectal cancer	II	This vaccine is safe, can induce specific immune responses, and it appears to have a positive outcome in overall survival. The five pancreatic cancer patients have shown a mean disease-free survival (DFS) of 35.2+ months and a mean overall survival (OS) of 44.4+ months.	[108]
Mutant ras long peptide		23 with resected PC	I	17 of 20 evaluable patients (85%) responded immunologically to the vaccine. Ten-year survival was 20% (four patients out of 20 evaluable).	[111]
Surviving		1 with liver metastasis of PC refractory to gemcitabine	Case report	The patient initially underwent partial remission of liver metastasis which proceeded after 6 months into a complete remission with duration of 8 months.	[17]
Personalized peptide vaccine	Gemcitabine	11 with advanced PC	I	The 6- and 12-month survival rates for patients who received >3 vaccinations (𝑛=10) were 80% and 20%, respectively.	[12]