Potential Effects of Medicinal Plants and Secondary Metabolites on Acute Lung Injury

Table 1

Animal models of lung injury.

Model	Characteristic inflammation	Animals	References
Acid aspiration	Rupture of the alveolar-capillary barrier with intense neutrophilic infiltrate [23, 56, 105, 106]	Mice; Rats; Rabbits	[42, 56, 107–110]
Bleomycin	Acute inflammatory injury, and reversible fibrosis [23, 111]	Mice; Rats	[112–114]; [20, 115]
Cecal ligation and puncture	Variable neutrophilic alveolar infiltrate and increased permeability [23, 43]	Mice; Rats	[111, 116, 117]; [118–120]
Hyperoxia	Epithelial injury and neutrophilic infiltration, followed by type II cell proliferation and scarring [23, 121–123]	Mice; Rats	[124–127]; [128]
Intrapulmonary bacteria	Increased neutrophilic alveolar infiltrate, interstitial edema, and permeability [23, 129]	Rabbits	[129]
Intravenous bacteria	Interstitial edema, neutrophils sequestration, and intravascular congestion [23, 130]	Mice	[131]
LPS	Neutrophilic inflammation with increased intrapulmonary cytokines [20, 23, 132]	Mice; Rats; Sheep	[20, 45, 59, 70, 132–135]; [136]
Nonpulmonary ischemia/reperfusion	Increased microvascular permeability, neutrophils recruitment, edema, and sequestration in the lungs [23, 28]	Mice; Rats	[28, 137–139]
Oleic acid	Neutrophilic inflammation, increased permeability, and edema [22, 23, 140]	Mice; Rats	[141]; [21, 22, 142]
Peritonitis by cecal ligation; and puncture	Variable degrees; Neutrophilic alveolar infiltrate; and increased permeability [23, 143]	Rats; Rabbits	[143, 144]; [44]
Pulmonary ischemia/reperfusion	Increased pulmonary vascular permeability, neutrophil infiltration, and edema [23, 145]	Mice; Rats; Rabbits	[145–147]; [148]