Potential Effects of Medicinal Plants and Secondary Metabolites on Acute Lung Injury

Table 3

Secondary compounds with anti-inflammatory effects.

Active compound	Class	Models of ALI	Doses	Relevant findings	Reference
Matrine	Alkaloid	ALI in mice induced by LPS	25, 50, and 100 mg/kg	↓ Lung edema, MPO, TNF-α, IL-6, and NF-𝜅B	[154]
Nicotine	Alkaloid	ALI in mice induced by LPS	0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg	↓ Lung edema, leukocytes, MPO, total protein, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α	[155, 156]
		ALI in mice induced by LPS	50, 250, and 500 mg/kg	↓ Lung edema, MPO, TNF-α, and IL-1β	[157]
Theophylline	Alkaloid	ALI in guinea pigs induced by LPS	3 and 30 mg/kg	↓ Leukocytes, and ↑ IL-10	[103]
Andrographolide	Diterpenoid	ALI in mice induced by LPS	1 and 10 mg/kg	↓ Lung edema, leukocytes, MPO, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-𝜅B	[59]
Astragalin	Flavonoid	ALI in mice induced by LPS	50 and 75 mg/kg	↓ Leukocytes, neutrophils, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6	[158]
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester	Flavonoid	ALI in rats induced by phosgene	50 mg/kg	↓ NF-𝜅B, and p38 MAPK	[159]
Cardamonin	Flavonoid	ALI in mice induced by LPS	10, 30, and 100 mg/kg	↓ Lung edema, TNF-α, IL-6, and p38 MAPK	[160]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	Flavonoid	ALI in rats induced by LPS	10, 50, and 100 mg/kg	↓ Lung edema, neutrophils, TNF-α, MIP-2, and ERK	[63]
	Flavonoid	ALI in rats induced by oleic acid		↓ Lung edema, TNF-α, and p38 MAPK	[87]
Kaempferol	Flavonoid	ALI in mice induced by LPS	100 mg/kg	↓ Leukocytes, neutrophils, MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, ERK, and NF-𝜅B	[161]
Luteolin	Flavonoid	ALI in mice induced by LPS	35 and 70 𝜇mol/kg	↓ neutrophils, MPO, MAPK, and NF-𝜅B	[85]
		ALI in mice induced by LPS	70, 35, and 18 𝜇mol /kg	↓ neutrophils, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-𝜅B	[84]
Naringin	Flavonoid	ALI in mice induced by LPS	15, 30, and 60 mg/kg	↓ Leukocytes, neutrophils, MPO, TNF-α, and NF-𝜅B	[162]
		ALI in mice induced by Paraquat	60 and 120 mg/kg	↓ Leukocytes, TNF-α, TGF-β1, and MMP-9	[163]
Oroxylin A	Flavonoid	ALI in rats induced by LPS	15 mg/kg	↓ Neutrophils, TNF-α, and NF-𝜅B	[164]
Quercetin	Flavonoid	ALI in rats induced by LPS	1, 5, and 10 mg/kg	↓ MPO, TNF-α, and IL-8	[165]
Geniposide	Iridoide	ALI in mice induced by LPS	20, 40, and 80 mg/kg	↓ Leukocytes, MPO, IL-6, TNF-α, and ↑ IL-10	[166]
Genistein*	Isoflavonoid	ALI in rats induced by LPS	50 mg/kg	↓ Lung edema, PMN, MPO, and ICAM-1	[167]
		ALI in rats induced by LPS	50 mg/kg	↓ MMP-9, NO, and NF-𝜅B	[168]
Curcumin*	Polyphenol	ALI in rats induced by phosgene	50 and 200 mg/kg	↓ Leukocytes, Lung edema, total protein, MPO, TNF-α, and IL-8	[96]
		ALI in rats induced by sepsis	200 mg/kg	↓ TGF-β1	[94]
		ALI in rates induced by LPS		↓ Lung edema, neutrophils, and NF-𝜅B	[169]
		ALI in rats induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion	100 mg/kg	↓ Leukocytes	[96]
		ALI in rats induced by oleic acid	5, 10, and 20 mg/kg	↓ Lung edema, TNF-α, and ↑ IL-10	[99]
Ellagic acid	Polyphenol	ALI in mice induced by acid	10 mg/kg	↓ Lung edema, neutrophils, IL-6, COX-2, NF-𝜅B, and AP-1	[60]
Escin	Saponin	ALI in mice induced by LPS	0.9, 1.8, and 3.6 mg/kg	↓ MPO, TNF-𝛼, and IL-1𝛽	[170]
Glycyrrhizin	Triterpene	ALI in mice induced by LPS	10, 25, and 50 mg/kg	↓ Lung edema, neutrophils, MPO, COX-2, and iNOS	[171]
		ALI in mice induced by LPS	30, 10, and 3 mg/kg	↓ TNF-α and ↑ IL-10	[172]
Hydroxysafflor yellow A		ALI in mice induced by LPS	6, 15, and 37.5 mg/kg	↓ Leukocytes, lung edema, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, p38 MAPK, and NF-𝜅B	[173]
		ALI in rats induced by oleic; acid and LPS	20, 40, and 60 mg/kg	↓ Leukocytes, lung edema TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and ICAM-1	[174]

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