The Influence of Micronutrients in Cell Culture: A Reflection on Viability and Genomic Stability

Table 2

Concentrations (in 𝜇mol/L) of micronutrients that can increase genomic stability in traditional cell-culture media and FBS versus human serum.

Micronutrients	Cell culture medium*								10% FBS**	Mean human serum concentration***	Status cell-culture medium versus
	MEM	DMEM	L-15	M-199	HAM F-10	HAM F-12	RPMI-1640	DMEM/HAM F12			human serum
Vitamins
Vitamin A	NA	NA	NA	3.1×10^−1	NA	NA	NA	NA	3.0×10^−2	2.0	Lower
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)	NA	NA	NA	4.1×10^−2	1.0×10^−1	3.0×10^−2	8.2×10^−1	1.0×10^−2	Trace	4.0×10^−4	Higher
Vitamin B9	2.3	9.1	2.3	2.3×10^−2	3.0	3.0	2.3	6.0	Trace	5.0×10^−3	Higher
Vitamin B12	NA	NA	NA	2.8×10^−1	1.0	1.0	4.0×10^−3	5.0×10^−1	Trace	3.0×10^−4	Higher
Vitamin C	NA	NA	NA	1.4×10^−2	NA	NA	NA	NA	Trace	50.0	Lower
Vitamin E	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.0003	30.0	Unknown
Minerals
Copper	NA	NA	NA	NA	1.0×10^−2	1.0×10^−2	NA	5.0×10^−3	Trace	14.0	Lower
Iron	NA	2.5×10^−1	NA	1.7	3.0	3.0	NA	1.6	3.0	23.0	Lower
Magnesium	8.0×10^2	8.0×10^2	1.8×10^2	NA	6.2×10^2	6.1×10^2	4.1×10^2	1.1×10^3	Trace	8.0×10^2	Lower/similar
Selenium	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	3.0×10^−2	3.0×10^−2	11.0	Lower
Zinc	NA	NA	NA	NA	1.0×10^−1	3.0	NA	1.5	Trace	17.0	Lower

NA: not available.
*MEM: minimum essential medium; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified eagle medium; L-15: Leibovitzs medium 15; M-199: medium-199; HAM F-10 and F-12: Ham's nutrient mixture F-10 and F-12; RPMI-1640: Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium; DMEM/HAM F-12: Dulbecco's modified eagle medium/Ham's nutrient mixture F-12. The vitamin and mineral concentrations described were obtained from the webpages of the key suppliers.
**The values for the vitamin A, vitamin E, and selenium concentration in FBS were found in [144], and the iron concentration in FBS was determined analytically.
***The references citing the micronutrient concentrations in human serum are as follows: vitamins A [145], B7 [146], B9 [147], B12 [148], C, and E [149]; Mg [150]; Cu, Fe, Se, and Zn [151]. The concentration of the vitamins and minerals in the media were obtained from the manufacturers.