BioMed Research International

Research Article

Marked Ethnic, Nativity, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Disability and Health Insurance among US Children and Adults: The 2008–2010 American Community Survey

Table 2

Prevalence, unadjusted, and adjusted odds of disability and lack of health insurance among US children under 18 years of age according to racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and demographic characteristics: the 2008–2010 American Community Survey ( = 2,079,138).


Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups	Disability						No health insurance
	Prevalence		Unadj.odds ratio		Adjusted odds ratio¹		Prevalence		Unadj. odds ratio		Adjusted odds ratio¹
	%	SE	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	%	SE	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI

Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	4.08	0.02	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	5.89	0.02	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
Mexican	3.28	0.03	0.87	0.85–0.89	0.69	0.67–0.71	17.60	0.07	3.39	3.35–3.44	2.12	2.09–2.14
Puerto Rican	6.82	0.13	1.78	1.71–1.86	1.42	1.36–1.48	6.46	0.13	1.11	1.06–1.16	0.87	0.83–0.91
Cuban	3.39	0.19	0.89	0.80–0.99	0.89	0.80–1.00	11.71	0.30	1.93	1.80–2.06	1.35	1.26–1.45
Central/South American	2.88	0.07	0.77	0.74–0.81	0.70	0.66–0.73	16.29	0.15	3.09	3.01–3.16	1.81	1.76–1.86
Other Hispanics	4.63	0.15	1.20	1.12–1.28	1.02	0.96–1.09	9.57	0.20	1.81	1.73–1.90	1.43	1.37–1.51
Non-Hispanic Black	4.94	0.05	1.44	1.41–1.47	1.04	1.02–1.06	7.95	0.06	1.47	1.44–1.49	1.01	1.00–1.03
American Indian/AN	5.71	0.17	1.41	1.33–1.51	1.03	0.97–1.10	21.86	0.30	4.74	4.58–4.92	3.51	3.38–3.64
Asian Indian	1.51	0.09	0.39	0.35–0.44	0.57	0.51–0.64	6.54	0.17	1.04	0.97–1.10	0.94	0.88–1.01
Chinese	1.53	0.09	0.41	0.37–0.46	0.49	0.44–0.55	6.19	0.16	1.02	0.96–1.08	0.77	0.72–0.82
Filipino	1.98	0.12	0.51	0.45–0.57	0.59	0.52–0.66	5.79	0.20	1.06	0.99–1.14	0.72	0.67–0.78
Japanese	1.43	0.26	0.41	0.30–0.56	0.52	0.38–0.71	4.12	0.38	0.68	0.55–0.84	0.54	0.44–0.67
Korean	1.87	0.16	0.48	0.41–0.56	0.52	0.44–0.62	17.54	0.41	3.22	3.02–3.42	1.87	1.75–2.00
Vietnamese	1.88	0.14	0.53	0.46–0.60	0.50	0.44–0.57	10.24	0.28	1.77	1.66–1.89	1.13	1.06–1.22
Cambodian	3.12	0.49	0.97	0.75–1.25	0.75	0.58–0.98	10.66	0.73	1.77	1.49–2.10	1.08	0.90–1.29
Bangladeshi	1.96	0.52	0.53	0.33–0.86	0.49	0.30–0.80	12.18	1.15	2.33	1.87–2.89	1.08	0.86–1.35
Pakistani	1.63	0.27	0.46	0.35–0.62	0.46	0.35–0.61	12.83	0.61	2.17	1.92–2.45	1.25	1.10–1.42
Hmong	2.77	0.35	0.67	0.52–0.88	0.49	0.38–0.64	5.81	0.53	1.19	1.00–1.42	0.57	0.47–0.68
Laotian	3.04	0.52	0.82	0.60–1.13	0.65	0.47–0.90	12.19	0.90	2.11	1.75–2.54	1.43	1.18–1.73
Thai	2.02	0.59	0.59	0.36–0.98	0.57	0.34–0.93	13.00	1.29	2.54	2.02–3.19	1.22	0.95–1.55
Other Asians	1.95	0.17	0.52	0.44–0.61	0.60	0.50–0.70	7.48	0.31	1.29	1.17–1.42	0.90	0.81–0.99
Native Hawaiian	3.26	0.58	0.85	0.60–1.20	0.70	0.49–0.99	4.22	0.64	0.76	0.55–1.04	0.61	0.45–0.84
Samoan	1.93	0.62	0.64	0.39–1.03	0.45	0.28–0.73	6.44	0.93	1.13	0.82–1.56	0.76	0.55–1.05
Guamanian	2.38	0.91	0.76	0.42–1.38	0.64	0.35–1.17	8.03	1.43	1.54	1.05–2.25	1.29	0.88–1.88
Other Pacific Islanders	1.29	0.55	0.43	0.23–0.81	0.36	0.19–0.67	12.33	1.29	2.07	1.59–2.71	1.43	1.09–1.89
All other groups²	5.00	0.08	1.28	1.24–1.32	1.25	1.21–1.30	6.42	0.08	1.13	1.10–1.16	1.02	0.99–1.05

Poverty status (ratio of family income to poverty threshold)
<100%	6.09	0.04	3.12	3.05–3.20	3.62	3.53–3.72	12.37	0.05	6.85	6.68–7.02	5.50	5.36–5.64
100–199%	4.67	0.03	2.29	2.23–2.35	2.54	2.47–2.60	13.73	0.05	7.54	7.36–7.72	6.24	6.09–6.40
200–299%	3.64	0.03	1.72	1.67–1.76	1.79	1.75–1.84	9.65	0.05	5.01	4.89–5.14	4.57	4.46–4.69
300–399%	3.11	0.03	1.43	1.39–1.47	1.45	1.41–1.50	5.62	0.04	2.75	2.67–2.82	2.65	2.58–2.72
400–499%	2.71	0.04	1.24	1.20–1.28	1.25	1.20–1.29	3.59	0.04	1.67	1.62–1.73	1.65	1.60–1.71
≥500%	2.20	0.02	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	2.14	0.02	1.00	Reference	1.00	reference
Unknown	10.83	0.19	6.34	6.09–6.59	6.56	6.30–6.84	12.39	0.18	6.86	6.58–7.15	6.05	5.80–6.31

Age (years)
0–5	1.24	0.01	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	8.45	0.03	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
6–11	5.20	0.03	4.48	4.37–4.59	4.69	4.57–4.81	10.47	0.03	1.20	1.18–1.21	1.18	1.17–1.20
12–17	5.60	0.03	4.91	4.79–5.03	5.33	5.20–5.47	7.08	0.03	1.53	1.51–1.55	1.54	1.52–1.56

Gender
Male	5.00	0.02	1.67	1.65–1.70	1.68	1.66–1.70	8.70	0.03	1.00	0.99–1.01	1.00	0.99–1.01
Female	3.05	0.02	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	8.70	0.03	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference

Immigrant status
Immigrant	2.78	0.06	0.74	0.71–0.78	0.66	0.63–0.69	32.16	0.17	5.21	5.12–5.30	3.66	3.59–3.74
US-born	4.10	0.01	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	7.76	0.02	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference

OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error; CI: confidence interval; AN: Alaska Native. ¹Adjusted by logistic regression model for age, gender, race/ethnicity, immigrant status, and poverty status. ²This category includes multiple race groups.