Research Article
The Influence of Cigarette Smoking on Gingival Bleeding and Serum Concentrations of Haptoglobin and Alpha 1-Antitrypsin
Table 1
The mean standard, deviation, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the variables evaluated in the study in both smokers and non-smokers.
| | Smokers | Nonsmokers | value |
S/NS | | Patients number | Mean ± SD | 95% CI | Patients number | Mean ± SD | 95% CI |
| Number of cigarettes per day | 99 | | 12.25, 14.54 | — | — | — | — |
— | Duration of smoking per years | 99 | | 12.92, 19.14 | — | — | — | — |
— | BOP | 99 | | 23.09, 28.99 | 98 | | −8.16, 7.58 | 0.941 | NS | Plaque index | 99 | | 47.35, 55.35 | 98 | | −7.14, 7.72 | 0.939 | NS | Cotinine (ng/dL) | 99 | | 96.04, 117.82 | 98 | | 76.56, 98.97 | 0.000 | S | Haptoglobin (mg/dL) | 99 | | 57.24, 94.84 | 98
| | 24.66, 62.48
| 0.000 | S |
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (mg/dL) | 99 | | 135.38, 148.43 | 98 | | 10.71, 25.97 | 0 .000 | S |
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