Inflammation-Related Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust Particles: Studies on Lung Cells In Vitro

Table 1

Origin of diesel particles used in the different studies, test systems, concentrations and effects on different end-points. The arrows give a rough indication of the magnitude of effects judged from the results presented (small: ↑; moderate: ↑↑; strong ↑↑↑).

Diesel type	Test system	Concentrations	Endpoints	Citation
Heavy duty machine; NIST 1650	Cell-free	Not relevant	ROS (malondialdehyde) ↑↑	Ball et al. [16]
Heavy duty machine; NIST 1650	Bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE cell line),; Primary human nasal epithelial cells	10–30 𝜇g/cm^2	ROS-formation (DCF-fluoroscence) ↑↑, CYPIAI mRNA and EROD-activity ↑↑; NADPH quinone oxidodreductase-1 mRNA ↑↑; translocation of transcription factor Nrf2 ↑↑	Baulig et al., [17, 18]
Heavy duty machine NIST 1650	16-HBE (bronchial epithelial cells)	10 𝜇g/cm^2	GM-CSF ↑↑, NFκ-B activity ↑↑,; CYP1A1 mRNA ↑↑, Phosphorylation of MAPK Erk and p38 ↑↑	Bonvallot et al., [19]
Heavy duty machine NIST 1650	THP-1 monocyte and A549 epithelial cell co-culture	10–40 𝜇g/cm^2	IL-6 ↑; IL-8 ↑; TNFα	Kocbach et al., [20]
Heavy duty machine; NIST 1650	A549 epithelial cells	0.1 to 20 ppm	IL-8 ↑; CRP ↑	Patel et al., [21]
Heavy duty machine; NIST 1650	RAW monocyte/macrophages	5–20 𝜇g/mL	NO-production ↑↑	Saxena et al., [22]
Heavy duty machine; NIST 1650	BEAS-2B, (bronchial epithelial cells)	~4–60 𝜇g/cm^2	Increased cytotoxicity	Totlandsdal et al., [23]
Forklift; NIST 2975	Cell-free,	Not relevant	ROS (malondialdehyde) ↑	Ball et al. [16]
Forklift; NIST 2975	Primary human epithelial cells	50 𝜇g/mL	Phosphorylation of Stat3, EGF-receptor ↑↑	Cao et al., [24]
Forklift; NIST 2975	BEAS-2B Bronchial epithelial cells	10 𝜇g/cm^2	STAT3; src; EGFR necessary for p21 ↑↑; inhibition of proliferation	Cao et al., [25]
Forklift; NIST 2975	BEAS-2B Bronchial epithelial cells + primary monocytes	50 𝜇g/mL	IL-1	Chaudhuri et al., [26]
Forklift; NIST 2975	HEK-293 epidermal cells, primary mouse neurons	77–770 𝜇g/mL	TRPA-1 activation ↑	Deering-Rice et al., [27]
Forklift; NIST 2975	16-HBE, monocytes, dendritic cells, triple co-culture	125 𝜇g/mL (cells on insert)	Reduction and altered distribution of occluding, minor effect in epithelial cells, stronger in other cell types	Lehmann et al., [28]
Forklift; NIST 2975	A549 and NCI-H292 cells	5–10 𝜇g/cm^2	MMP-1	Amara et al., [29]
Forklift; NIST 2975	Primary murine tracheal cells	25 𝜇g/cm^2	Small effects on LDH, HO-1; Alveolar lung cell line GSH/GSSG ratio	Manzo et al., [30]
Forklift; NIST 2975	Primary human macrophages; Suspension culture,	100 𝜇g/mL	No significant increase in TNF or IL-8; DEP reduced cytokine release induced by LPS	Sawyer et al., [31]
Forklift; NIST 2975	BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelial cells)	Only extracts tested	IL.6 ↑; IL-8 ↑	Swanson et al., [32]
Forklift; NIST 2975	BEAS-2B cells (bronchial epithelial cells), HAEC cells	10 𝜇g/cm^2	IL-8 mRNA ↑↑,; N-DEP effect NF𝜅B dependent	Tal et al., [33]
NIST, not specified	A549 epithelial cells and primary rat airway epithelial cells	20 𝜇g/cm^2	Transepithelial conductance ↑; Occluding ↓	Caraballo et al., [34]
C-DEP, EPA diesel (2005)	Primary human epithelial cells	50 𝜇g/mL	Phosphorylation of Stat3 ↑↑↑	Cao et al., [24]
A-DEP, diesel from Sagai et al., [35]	BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelial cells)	10 𝜇g/cm^2	IL-8 mRNA ↑↑↑	Tal et al., [33]
A-DEP, diesel from Sagai et al., [35]	BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelial cells)	5–50 𝜇g/mL	HSP70 ↑↑ at 10 𝜇g/mL	Jung et al., [36]
2.7 L Isuzu diesel; A-DEP diesel from Sagai et al., [35]	BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelial cells) and primary peripheral airway cells	5 and 25 𝜇g/mL	IL-8 ↑↑	Kawasaki et al., [37]
2.7 L Isuzu diesel; A-DEP before year 2000	BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelial cells)	5–100 𝜇g/mL	IL-8 ↑↑,; GM-CSF ↑↑,; Depending on NF𝜅B, reduced by NAC	Takizawa et al., [38, 39]
2.7 L Isuzu diesel; A-DEP before year 2000	BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelial cells)	5–100 𝜇g/mL	IL-8 ↑↑, RANTES ↑↑; dependent on p38, reduced by NAC	Hashimoto et al., [40]
Deutz unloaded 2.2 L; EURO 4 (2009)	BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelial cells)	~4–60 𝜇g/cm^2	IL-6 ↑↑; IL-8 ↑↑; CYP1A1 ↑↑↑ (at 0.004 𝜇g/cm^2); COX-2 ↑↑↑; p38 ↑ and NF𝜅B ↑	Totlandsdal et al., [23]
DEPA (from EPA)	Primary murine tracheal cells	5–200 𝜇g/cm^2	LDH ↑ at 100 μg/cm^2; Alveolar lung cell line HO-1 ↑↑	Manzo et al., [30]
1.6 L Volkswagen diesel; from EPA (1992)	Primary human bronchial epithelial cells; human primary monocytes differentiated to dendritic cells;	3 𝜇g/cm^2	Epithelial cells TSLP ↑↑; Dendritic cells; OX40L ↑↑;	Bleck et al., [41]
Heavy duty 9.2 L; DEP freshly generated	A549 epithelial cells, Air-liquid interface exposure	Low 0.1 mg/m^3; High 0.8 mg/m^3	IL-1β only at one conc of high NO2, reduced viability	Tsukue et al., [42]
2.2 L Honda EURO 4 machine DEP + rape seed biodiesel (±DPF)	BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelial cells)	~6 to 200 𝜇g/mL	IL-6; Most effect in 𝜇g/mL; B50 DPF ≫ B0DPF > B50 > B0	Gerlofs-Nijland et al., submitted
2.2 L Honda EURO 4 machine, Golf. Corolla cars DPF, diesel biodiesel	Cell-free	Not relevant	Correlation of DTT consumption with EC/Water insoluble OC/OC	Ka et al., [43]
US 2004 machine (black smoker)	HEK-293 epidermal cells, primary mouse neurons	77–770 𝜇g/mL	TRPA-1 activation ↑↑	Deering-Rice et al., [27]
Soy bean biodiesel 2005	BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelial cells)	Only extracts tested	Stronger effects of biodiesel (soy bean)	Swanson et al., [32]