The Sonodynamic Effect of Curcumin on THP-1 Cell-Derived Macrophages

Figure 3

Apoptosis and necrosis of macrophages induced by curcumin SDT (×400). Panel A is the ratio of apoptotic and necrotic macrophages 6 h after curcumin SDT. *𝑃<0.05; **𝑃<0.01 versus control; ^††𝑃<0.01 versus ultrasound alone. B1 is control; B2 is curcumin alone; B3 is ultrasound irradiation alone; B4 is curcumin SDT. Scale bar: 20 μm. Control and curcumin-treated cells showed uniform blue fluorescence in B1 and B2. Apoptotic cells were seen as bright blue fluorescent spots and are shown in B3 and B4 (arrowheads). Necrotic nuclei showed pink fluorescence in B4 (arrow).