Design and Validation of an Augmented Reality System for Laparoscopic Surgery in a Real Environment

Table 1

Advantages and disadvantages of different visualization devices.

Device	Advantages	Disadvantages
Projector	Direct vision of 3D model onto the patient, free movement of the surgeon in the scene, and easy hand-eye training.	Low resolution, ambient light in the operating theater that reduces projection sharpness, heat and air ventilation that are dangerous in sterile environments, shadow effect, and setup just above the scene that entails an associated risk.
AR glasses	High grade of immersion and good mobility of the surgeon in the scene but more reduced in comparison to the projector.	Possibility of dizziness, decrease of reality perception and loss of depth, additional material in the surgeon’s field of view, and feeling of stress until surgeon gets used to it.
Monitor	Harmless for patient and surgeon, free movement in the scene (the screen can be placed farther from the doctor), easy to sterilize, and high resolution.	Hand-eye training since the surgeon must look up to see the monitor.