Virosome Presents Multimodel Cancer Therapy without Viral Replication

Figure 3

HVJ-E-mediated apoptosis pathway in cancer cells. HVJ-E-mediated signal transduction in cancer cells. 1: RNA fragments derived from the HVJ genome are introduced into the cytoplasm by membrane fusion, and RIG-I recognizes these RNAs. 2: RIG-I conveys the signal to the mitochondrial antiviral signaling adaptor (MAVS). 3: MAVS activates IRF-7 and -3. 4: activated IRF-7 and -3 localize to the nucleus. 5, 9: IRF-7 and -3 induce the expression of TRAIL and Noxa. 6: expressed TRAILs are recognized by the TRAIL receptor, and TRAIL receptors activate caspase-8 (Casp-8). 7: activated Casp-8 activates Casp-3. 8: activated Casp-3 induces apoptosis. 10, 11: Noxa induces the secretion of cytochrome-C (Cyt-C) into the cytoplasm from the mitochondria. 12: Cyt-C activates Casp-9. 13: Casp-9 activates Casp-3.