Abstract
The continuation of the cranial branch of the primitive internal carotid artery is called the primitive olfactory artery (POℓA). It takes this name according to the fact that it is mainly concerned with supplying the developing nasal region. We reported two new cases of the persistent POℓA (PPOℓA) in Serbian population after retrospective analysis of digital images of 200 fetal and 269 adult cases. This PPOℓA originated from the precommunicating part (A1) of the right anterior cerebral artery, coursed along the olfactory tract, and turned on the medial cerebral hemisphere in both male adults. Some vascular variations (fenestration of the A1 and the median artery of the corpus callosum) were associated with this persistent vessel. According to the fact that we did not find aneurysm in our previous and two recent cases, we are of the opinion that PPOℓA is usually asymptomatic in Serbian population.
1. Introduction
During embryonic development of the vascular system, the primitive olfactory artery (POℓA) represents a continuation of the cranial branch of the primitive internal carotid artery (ICA) [1]. It may be presumed that a fenestration of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is the remnant of the embryonal plexiform anastomosis between the ACA and the POℓA [2, 3]. Some authors noted that POℓA normally regresses to the remnant—the recurrent artery of Heubner (RAH) [4, 5]. Other authors supported this claim by the evidence of an aplasia of the RAH [6–8] and/or the anterior communicating artery [6, 9].
A persistence of the POℓA (PPOℓA) is very rare according to the fact that its incidence was noted in 0.14% [10] to 0.29% [11] of cases.
Morphologically, the PPOℓA usually courses anteromedially along the ipsilateral olfactory tract, and after a turn, it supplies the ACA territory [4]. Pathoanatomically, a relatively frequent location of an aneurysm on the hairpin bend of the PPOℓA emphasizes the importance of hemodynamic stress in this persistent primitive vessel [7, 12, 13].
Reports of single cases or retrospective studies about special and/or general features of the PPOℓA came usually from Japan [5–10, 12–17] and Korea [11, 18, 19], although there were case reports from UK [20], Taiwan [21], and Serbia [22].
Previous incidental finding of the PPOℓA in one adult cadaver [22], and the description of fenestration of the precommunicating part (A1) of the ACA [3] and/or RAH in fetuses [23], inspired us to a more detailed investigation of the POℓA persistence in Serbian population.
2. Materials and Methods
We did a retrospective analysis of digital images of brain vessels of 200 fetal and 269 adult cadavers, dissected at the Department of Anatomy and Institute of Forensic Medicine in Niš, respectively.
2.1. Fetal Cadavers
Fetuses of both genders, from 9 to 32 weeks of gestation, were a part of the collection of our Department of Anatomy, and they were used in the preparation of doctoral thesis [24]. All fetuses were obtained legally from the Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Niš. The Council for Postgraduate Study of the Faculty of Medicine in Niš gave permission to investigate the fetal material. The arteries of fetuses were injected with Micropaque or latex through the left cardiac ventricle or through the common carotid artery. All fetuses were fixed in 10% formalin for 2 weeks. Fetal brains were removed and kept in individual calvarias. The measurements were performed by means of an ocular micrometer mounted on an operating microscope (Olympus).
2.2. Adult Cadavers
The dissected brains originated from cadavers of both genders, different ages (from the neonate to 95 years), and different causes of death in the period between 2006 and 2013. Investigation of these cases was in accordance with the rules of the internal Ethics Committee (no. 01-9068-4) of our Faculty of Medicine. Morphological features of brain arteries (caliber, possible vessel’s abnormalities) were observed by using a magnifying glass and recorded on a film. Measurement of the external diameter of arteries was performed by ImageJ (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/index.html).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results
We discovered two new cases of the PPOℓA in adults. The first case of the PPOℓA was found in a male cadaver, aged 58 and autopsied due to cardiac arrest; another case was found in a male, aged 61, who died due to polytrauma at the Orthopedic Clinic. (1)Case I. The PPOℓA had a common origin with the RAH from the A1 of the right ACA at the level of the proximal part of the fenestration (Figure 1(a)). Its beginning was about 7 mm away from ICA bifurcation. The caliber of the right A1 was 2.03 mm, whereas the caliber of the PPOℓA was 1.41 mm. The latter followed the olfactory tract in the first part of its course, and after that, it turned and passed on the medial telencephalic surface. However, we did not photograph its termination. In addition, the median artery of the corpus callosum was also presented (Figure 1(b)). (2)Case II. The PPOℓA was a branch of the right A1 (Figure 2(a)). The beginning of the PPOℓA was about 6 mm away from ICA bifurcation. The caliber of the right A1 was 2.50 mm, whereas caliber of the PPOℓA was 1.40 mm. The latter followed the olfactory tract in the first part of its course, and after that, it passed similar to the callosomarginal artery; a bihemispheric branch was also evidenced at the level of its termination (Figure 2(b)). Ipsilaterally, the RAH originated from the PPOℓA; it was duplicated at the beginning. Atherosclerotic plaques were significantly present at the cerebral arteries, especially along main brain arteries. (3)Comparison of PPOℓAs in the Literature. General and special data about PPOℓAs in our and other populations are presented in Table 1.
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3.2. Discussion
Firstly, we noted some data and disagreements in the literature about the POℓA origin [1, 6, 25], POℓA rudiments [1] or a lack of embryologic explanation of A1 variable side branches [15, 26], as well as an origin [20] or termination [8, 15] of the PPOℓA.
Moffat [1] described that POℓA has a similar development in the rat’s and human embryos up to an 18 mm stage. During the development of vascular system in a 3.7 mm embryo, the continuation of the dorsal aorta forms the primitive ICA [1], except for its first segment which was formed by the primitive third aortic arch [6]. At the level of the forebrain the ICA gives the primitive maxillary artery, and then ICA divides into the cranial and caudal branches. In embryos of 4 to 5.7 mm (28–30 days), the cranial branch constitutes the primitive olfactory artery (POℓA), which branches off the anterior choroidal and middle cerebral arteries [6]. According to data from the paper by Horie et al. [13], the definitive ACA extends superiorly between the cerebral hemispheres, associated with regression of the POℓA untill the 7th week of gestation. According to the picture of human embryo in the paper by Katayama et al. [14], the POℓA retains its origin from the A1 to the 9 mm embryonic stage. Komiyama [25] and Okahara et al. [6] stressed that the POℓA terminates in the nasal fossa, and “secondary artery” constitutes the medial olfactory artery, which supplies the olfactory bulb. This medial olfactory artery becomes the ACA proper in an 11.5 to 18 mm embryo, while the terminal portion of the POℓA usually regresses. Kim et al. [27] noted the existence of the plexiform anastomosis between the ACA and the POℓA in the illustration of a 14 mm embryo. Lateral olfactory branches of the POℓA include the RAH, anterior choroidal, lateral striate, and middle cerebral arteries. Moffat [1] noted that the POℓA in a 24 mm human embryo forms an inconstant striate branch of the ACA.
Okahara et al. [6] noted that the PPOℓA arises only from the A1 part, as in cases described by Moffat [20] and Horie et al. [13], as well as in recent cases. In addition, we could compare the origin of PPOℓA from the A1 part in these cases with the POℓA origin in an 18 mm human embryo whose picture was displayed in the paper by Katayama et al. [14]. Tsutsumi et al. [8] described that PPOℓA originated from A1-A2 junction. However, many authors described its internal carotid origin [7, 9, 14, 16, 19, 21]. In our previous case the PPOℓA and posterior communicating artery had a common origin from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) [22]. It can be said that the case, described by Lin et al. [21], in which PPOℓA continued from an accessory MCA, resembles our case. Interesting anomaly was found in five rat embryos studied. In these specimens the cranial branch of the ICA terminated as the MCA, whereas the POℓA was a continuation of the primitive maxillary artery [1].
Several types of the PPOℓA are described in the literature. In the first type described by Nozaki et al. [7] the PPOℓA rose from the ICA, ran along the olfactory tract, and made a hairpin bend to supply the territory of the ACA postcommunicating part (A2). In the second type, described by the same authors, the PPOℓA rose from the ACA and passed through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to supply the nasal cavity, similar to the ethmoidal arteries. The case described by Enomoto et al. [15], on computer tomography angiography (CTA), and the case described by Moffat [20] on autopsy were classified as the second type. Komiyama [25] noted that this second type of the PPOℓA is homologous to the internal ethmoidal artery in the dog. In the third (transitory) type described by Horie et al. [13], the PPOℓA divided into two branches; one artery was similar to Nozaki’s type 1, whereas the second one had features of Nozaki’s type 2. In our “third” type, the PPOℓA of the MCA origin had a common trunk with posterior communicating artery (PCoA) and coursed forward to the ipsilateral olfactory tract [22]. The case of the PPOℓA termination (PPOℓA—cortical frontal vein shunt) described by Tsutsumi et al. [8] was classified as type 4.
Medial frontoorbital and frontopolar arteries are different from the PPOℓA according to the beginning (A2 part) and their course. Exceptions were possible as in cases described by Enomoto et al. [15] and Krishnamoorthy et al. [26].
We described some cases of the POℓA partial persistence in human fetuses [23]. Recently, we described these two cases of the PPOℓA, found only among adult cadavers. Previous [22] and recent cases indicate that the incidence of the PPOℓA is 0.64% in Serbian population. These incidences were 0.14% in the Japanese population [10] and 0.29% in the Korean population [11]. For the purpose of calculating of number of published cases, we included some paper abstracts [12, 14–17] in the list of references. Based on the case numbers in our Table 1 and Moffat’s allegation about two cases of the PPOℓA described in 1951 and 1961 by other authors [1], we counted 67 cases to this time. Based also on the cases in the same table, we could note that PPOℓA was more frequent in males and on the left side, although the POℓA persisted on the right side in males of Serbian population, as we noted in our work. The existence of bilateral PPOℓA was noted five times in the literature [7, 10, 11]. The youngest person was 18 years old [5] and the oldest 82 years [11].
In summary, we did not find any aneurysm on the PPOℓA in our cases, opposite to some authors who found it on the PPOℓA hairpin bend [9, 12, 15, 17], and/or on other cerebral arteries [9–11, 13, 14, 16]. Association of the PPOℓA and other vascular variations were also noted [7, 11, 20, 22], as in our adult cases.
4. Conclusions
The primitive olfactory artery is a rare persistent primitive vessel (0.64%) in Serbian population. It was incidental finding in presented cases. We did not find any complete vascular trunk in fetuses, but we did in adults of male gender, on the right side.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Mrs Zorica Antić, Professor of English in Faculty of Medicine of Niš, for assistance in editing the text. Contract Grant sponsor is Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Republic of Serbia (nos. 41018 and 175092).