Role of HLA, KIR, MICA, and Cytokines Genes in Leprosy

Table 3

Associations between cytokine genes and leprosy.

Population	Study design	Sample size	Phenotype	Allele, genotype, or haplotype	Type of association	P	Ref.
Brazilian	Case-control	70LL, 85BL, 55BB, 2BT, 63TT, 10IL, 15 pure neural, 92 controls	BT/TT	TNF-308A	Resistance	𝑃=0.005	[43]
Brazilian	Case-control	74BT	BT/TT	TNF-308A	Resistance	ND	[44]
Brazilian	Case-control	210MB, 90PB, 92 controls; 143MB, 79PB, 62 controls	LD; PB; LD	TNF-308A; IL10-819T; IL10-819TT	Resistance Susceptibility; Susceptibility	𝑃<0.05; 𝑃<0.01; 𝑃=0.04	[45]
Brazilian	Case-control	43TT, 65LL, 50BB, 9IL, 240 controls	LD; LL	TNF-308A; IL10-1082G/-819C/-592C	Resistance; Resistance	𝑃=0.02; 𝑃=0.02	[46]
Brazilian	Family study; case-control	363LD; 1146LD, 1036 controls	LD	TNF-308A	Resistance; Resistance	𝑃<0.04; 𝑃<0.02	[47]
Nepal	Case-control	581(LL,BL,BB), 343(BT,TT); 101 controls	LD	TNF-308A	Resistance	𝑃=0.016	[48]
Indian	Case-control	121LL, 107TT, 160 controls	LL	TNF-308A	Susceptibility	𝑃=0.02	[49]
Thai	Case-control	24MB, 13PB, 140 controls	MB; LD	TNF-308A; TNF-308GA	Susceptibility; Susceptibility	𝑃=0.04; 𝑃=0.04	[50]
French Polynesian	Family study	6 families	LD	IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha (1, 2), and TNF-alpha (A, G)	ns		[51]
Brazilian	Multi case families study	76 families	LD	TNF * 1; TNF*1/LTA*2; TNF*2/LTA*2	Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Resistance	𝑃=0.0001; 𝑃=0.014; 𝑃=0.001	[31]
Mexican	Case-control	62 cases, 144 controls	LL	TNF-308G/A; IL10-819C	ns		[52]
Indian	Case-control	449PB, 473MB, 1670 controls	LD	BAT1-LTA-TNF-BTNL2	Susceptibility	𝑃<0.0001	[53]
Brazilian	Case-control; Meta-analysis	374 cases, 380 controls; 2702 individuals (5 studies)	LD	IL10-819T	Susceptibility	𝑃=0.01	[54]
Colombian	Case-control	100 cases, 100 controls	LD	IL10-819CC and CT; IL10-592CC and CA; IL10-819C-592C; IL10-1082A-819C-592C	Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Susceptibility	𝑃<0.001; 𝑃<0.001; 𝑃<0.001; 𝑃<0.001	[55]
Brazilian	Case-control	131PB, 166MB, 283 controls	LD	IL10-3575A/-2849G/-2763C; IL10-3575T/-2849A/2763C	Resistance; Susceptibility	𝑃=0.005; 𝑃=0.027	[56]
Indian	Case-control	144MB, 142PB, 266 controls	LD	IL10-3575T/-2849G/-2763C/-1082A/-819C/-592C; IL10-3575T/-2849G/-2763C/-1082A/-819T/-592A	Resistance; Susceptibility	𝑃=0.01; 𝑃=0.0002	[57]
Indian	Case-control	80 cases, 89 controls	LD	IL12B 3 ′ UTR 2.2	Resistance	𝑃=0.001	[58]
Korean	Case-control	93LL, 94 controls	LL	IL12RB1; IFNGR1	ns		[59]
Japanese	Case-control	130LL, 46TL, 68 controls	LL	IL12RB2-1035G; IL12RB2-1023G; IL12RB2-650delG; IL12RB2-464G; IL12RB2-1035A/-1023A/-650G/-464A	Susceptibility	𝑃<0.001; 𝑃<0.01; 𝑃<0.001; 𝑃<0.01; 𝑃<0.039	[60]
Mexican	Case-control	44LL, 51 controls	LL	IL12 3 ′ UTR 1188A/C	Susceptibility	𝑃<0.05	[61]
Mexican	Case-control	66LL, 140 controls	LL	IL12 3 ′ UTR 1188A/C	ns		[62]
Chinese	Multiple-stage genetic association	4971 cases, 5503 controls	LD	IL18RAP/IL18R1(rs2058660) IL12B(rs6871626)	Susceptibility	𝑃=4.57×10^−19; 𝑃=3.95×10^−18	[63]
Brazilian	Case-control	1045 cases, 1080 controls	LD	IFNG+ 874T	Resistance	𝑃=0.005	[64]
Chinese	Case-control	527 cases, 583 controls	LD; LD, MB; MB; MB; PB	IFNG+ 874T/A; IFNG(10CA),; IFNG(13CA); IFNG(15CA); IFNG(17CA)	ns; Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Susceptibility	𝑃=0.001; 𝑃=0.026; 𝑃=0.007; 𝑃=0.04	[65]
Brazilian	Case-control	108 cases, 113 controls	PB	IFNG+874AA; IFNG(16CA)	Susceptibility; Susceptibility	𝑃=0.028; 𝑃=0.019	[66]
Brazilian	Case-control	10TT, 59BB, 27LL, 98 controls	LD	IFNG(15CA), (16CA),  and  (17CA)	Susceptibility	𝑃=0.01	[67]
Iranian	Case report	3 cases	LD	IFNGR1-56T/C	Susceptibility	ND	[68]
Chinese	Case-control	80PB, 352MB, 465 controls	LD	IL4-590TC; IL4-590CC; IL4-590C	Resistance; Resistance; Resistance	𝑃=0.044; 𝑃=0.01; 𝑃=0.001	[69]
Indian	Case-control	2447 cases, 1294 controls	LD	IL-10 (rs1800871, rs1800872,; rs1554286); IL-10RB (rs3171425; rs7281762); TGFBR2 (rs2228048, rs744751); IL-6 (rs1800797)	Susceptibility	𝑃<0.05	[70]

MB: multibacillary; PB: paucibacillary; LL: lepromatous leprosy; BL: borderline lepromatous; BT: borderline tuberculoid; TT: tuberculoid leprosy; LD: leprosy disease; ns: not significant; ND: no data; 𝑃 value; Ref.: reference.