Glucose, Insulin, and Oxygen Interplay in Placental Hypervascularisation in Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

Expression and levels of proangiogenic factors in placenta and cord blood in pregnancies complicated by different types of diabetes.

Factor	Type of diabetes	Placenta	Cord blood
VEGF	GDM	↓protein [115]	↓[108]
	T1D	=mRNA [35]	↓[107]
PlGF	GDM	↓protein [115]	↓[108]
	T1D	=mRNA [35]	↓[107]
FGF2	GDM	↑mRNA and protein [112, 132]	↑[112, 142]
	T1D	↑mRNA [33, 111]; ↑protein [34]; =mRNA [35]	↑[142]
Angiopoietin	GDM	↑mRNA [113]
	T1D	=mRNA [35]
Erythropoietin	GDM		↑[103, 108]
	T1D		↑[103, 126]
IL6	GDM	↑mRNA [119]	↓[121]
	T1D
TNFA	GDM	↑protein [120]; ↑mRNA [113]; =mRNA [119]	=[122]; ↓[121]
	T1D
Insulin	GDM		↑[124, 125, 127, 143]
	T1D		↑[5, 125, 126]
IGF1	GDM	=mRNA [112]; ↓mRNA [113]	↑[112, 144, 145]
	T1D		=[5]
	IDDM		↑[146]
	T2D		=[144]
	D	=mRNA [147]	↑[147]
IGF2	GDM	↑mRNA [113]	↑[148]; =[145]
	T1D
	IDDM		↑[146, 148]
	D	=mRNA [147]; ↓peptide [147]	↑[147]

↑ indicates elevated levels, ↓ indicates reduced levels, and = indicates unchanged levels in diabetes.
GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; T1D: type 1 diabetes; T2D: type 2 diabetes; IDDM: insulin dependent diabetes mellitus without further classification; D: diabetes without further classification.