Assessment of Food Processing and Pharmaceutical Industrial Wastes as Potential Biosorbents: A Review

Table 2

Suggested biosorption mechanisms based on interacting functional groups.

Biosorbent	Sorbate	Functional group	Mechanism	Reference
Orange peel	Pb(II); Cu(II); Cd(II)	Carboxylic	IEX/H-bonding	[101]
Orange waste	Cr(III)	Carboxyl/hydroxyl	Chemisorption	[102]
Orange waste	Cd(II)	Carboxyl/hydroxyl	—	[94]
Orange waste	Cd(II); Zn(II); Cr(III)	Mainly carboxyl	—	[95]
Desiccated coconut	Hg(II)	Hydroxyl/carboxyl/amine	Chelation	[100]
Pecan nut shells; (C. illinoinensis) biomass	Acid Blue; Reactive Blue; Acid Blue	Sulfonyl	—	[132]
Cupuassu shell, Theobroma  grandiflorum, (CS)	Reactive red dye; Direct blue	Hydroxyl/carboxylic	IEX	[87]
Mango seeds (MS) Mangifera  indica  L.	Victazol orange	Sulfonyl	—	[99]
Okra food industrial waste	Cd(II); Fe(II); Zn((II)	Hydroxyl/carbonyl/amide	IEX/complexation	[88]
Sugar industrial waste (bagasse waste)	Cd(II); Fe(II)	Hydroxyl/carbonyl/amide	IEX/complexation	[89]
Pineapple peel	MB dye	Hydroxyl/carboxyl/amine	—	[91]
Olive pomace	Pb(II); Cu(II); Cd(II)	Carboxylic/phenolic	Surface complexation	[108]
Olive mill stone	Pb(II)	Carboxylic	IEX	[102]
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) sludge	Methylene Blue	Carboxylic	—	[111]
Wine processing sludge	Ni(II)	Amino/carboxyl	Physical adsorption/chemical complexation	[76]
Spent waste beer yeast; Saccharomyces  cerevisiae	Pb(II)	Amine/carboxylic/; phosphates/sulfhydryl	IEX/complexation	[82]
Grape bagasse waste residue	Cd(II); Pb(II)	Carbonyl/hydroxyl	—	[79]
Phaseolus vulgaris biomass	Pb(II)	Amino/hydroxyl	—	[84]
Activated carbon from antibiotic waste	Hg(II)	Hydroxyl/carbonyl	Complexation	[126]
Nonliving biomass Aspergillus  awamori	Cr(VI)	Amine	—	[124]
Nonliving biomass Aspergillus  Fumigatus	Cd (II) perse; mixture; Cu(II); Cd(II); Co(II); Ni(II)	Hydroxyl/amine	Complexation	[122]
Fennel biomass; (Foeniculum vulgare)	Cd(II)	Carboxylic/phenolic	IEX*	[123]

∗IEX: ion exchange adsorption.