Antitumoral Activity of Snake Venom Proteins: New Trends in Cancer Therapy

Table 1

Antitumor activity of snake venoms and isolated compounds.

	Protein name	Snakes	Cellular target/mechanism	Reference
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)	Nigexine	Naja nigricollis nigricollis	Cytotoxic, altered cell viability and prevented cell proliferation.	[104]
	BthA-I-PLA2	Bothrops jararacussu	Effect against breast adenocarcinoma, human leukemia T, and Ehrlich ascitic tumor	[97]
	rSSBPLA2	Lapemis hardwickii (sea snake)	Antitumor effect	[114]
	PLB	Pseudechis colletti	Cytotoxicity	[113]
	PLA2	Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus	Synergistic effects with antineoplastic drugs against S49 lymphoma cells	[98]
	BPB-BthTX-I	B. jararacussu	Cytotoxicity on S180 tumor cells	[189]
	CC-PLA2-1 and 2	Cerastes cerastes	Antitumor and antiangiogenic activities	[101]
	Drs-PLA2	Daboia russelii siamensis	Inhibition of SK-MEL-28 cell migration and inhibition of the colonization of B16F10 cells in lungs	[100]
	MVL-PLA2	Macrovipera lebetina	Inhibits angiogenesis and induces changes in actin cytoskeleton	[56, 102]
L-Aminoacid oxidases (LAAOs)	LAAO	Ophiophagus hannah	Cytotoxicity in stomach cancer, murine melanoma, fibrosarcoma, and colorectal and ovary cell lines	[79]
	LAAO	Agkistrodon halys	Apoptosis	[71]
	Apoxin-I	Crotalus atrox	Apoptosis	[75]
	LAAO	Eristicophis macmahoni	Apoptosis	[68]
	BmooLAAO-I	Bothrops moojeni	Cytotoxicity and apoptosis	[83]
	LAAO	Trimeresurus stejnegeri	Cytotoxicity	[76]
	LAAO	Trimeresurus flavoviridis	Antitumor activity	[87]
	AHP-LAAO	Agkistrodon halys pallas	Apoptosis	[190]
	LAAO	Vipera berus berus	Apoptosis	[77]
	ACTX-6	Agkistrodon acutus	Induces apoptosis in human cervical cancer Hela cell line	[191]
	B1-LAAO	Bothrops leucurus	Cytotoxicity in the stomach cancer MKN-45, adenocarcinoma HUTU, colorectal RKO, and human fibroblast LL-24 cell lines.	[192]
Metalloproteases	Crovidisin	Crotalus viridis	Detachment of ROS 17/2.8 osteosarcoma cells.	[147]
	Jararhagin	Bothrops jararaca	Inhibition of melanoma cells and proapoptotic effect selective, interfering with the adhesion mechanisms	[136]
	leucurolysin-B	Bothrops leucurus	Potent cytotoxic effect in a micromolar range against T98, U87 and RT2, MCF7, EAC, and UACC cancer cell lines	[193]
	TSV-DM	Trimeresurus stejnegeri	Apoptosis, inhibitor of cell proliferation and inducer cell morphologic changes.	[194]
Disintegrin	Contortrostatin	Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix	Anti-invasive and antiadhesive activities on tumor cells and endothelial cells. Antitumor, antiangiogenic activities and inhibitor of tumor growth.	[171–175]
	Leucurogin	Bothrops leucurus	Anti-angiogenesis effect	[195]
	Saxatilin	Gloydius saxatilis	Inhibitor of tumor growth.	[181]
	Obtustatin	Vipera lebetina	Anti-angiogenesis effect	[165]
	Adinbitor	Agkistrodon halys stejneger	Inhibits angiogenesis (in vitro and in vivo)	[196]
	Albolabrin	Trimeresurus albolabris	Inhibits RGD-dependent integrins and metastasis	[169]
	Rhodocetin	Calloselasma rhodostoma	Inhibits the cell adhesion, migration, and collagen contraction	[197]
	Salmosin	Agkistrodon halys brevicaudus	Antiangiogenic and antitumorigenic	[88, 179, 180, 185]
	Trigramin	Trimeresurus gramineus	Inhibits the adhesion melanoma cells to fibronectin and fibrinogen.	[164, 166]
	Triflavin	Trimeresurus  flavoviridis	Inhibits adhesion and migration cell and angiogenesis.	[168]
	Rhodostomin	Agkistrodon rhodostoma	Inhibits angiogenesis and grow tumor cell adhesion.	[163, 164, 177]
	Echistatin	Echis carinatus	Inhibits the adhesion of melanoma cells to extracellular matrix components	[170]
Serineproteases	Crotalase	Crotalus adamanteus	Inhibition of tumor growth	[153]
	Batroxobin	B. moojeni	Antimetastatic effect	[183]
Lectins	BjcuL	B. jararacussu	Cytotoxic effects and inhibits cell adhesion	[117]
	Lebectin and Lebecetin	Macrovipera lebetina	Inhibits adhesion, migration, and invasion of tumor cells; inhibits angiogenesis	[119]
	EM16	Echis multisquamatus	Cytoskeleton disassembly; inhibits adhesion and migration of HUVEC cells	[198]
Peptides	Cardiotoxin III (CTX III)	Naja naja atra	Blocks migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells	[42, 108]
	Cytotoxin P4	Naja n. nigricollis	Cytotoxicity	[40, 47, 48]
	Cathelicidin-BF	Bungarus fasciatus	Inhibits B16F10 and B16 proliferation	[199]
Inhibitors	BJ46a	B. jararaca	Inhibits the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells B16F10, a melanoma cell line, and MHCC97H, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line	[200]
	PIVL	Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea	Serine protease inhibitor; exhibits an anti-tumor effect and displays integrin inhibitory activity without being cytotoxic. Inhibit the adhesion, migration, and invasion of human glioblastoma U87 cells.	[201]
Crude		Montivipera xanthina	Cytotoxic effect	[202]
	WEV—venom extracted	Walterinnesia aegyptia	Induction of apoptosis	[203]
		Vipera lebetina turanica	Inhibits the growth of human ovarian cancer through induction of apoptosis	[204]