BioMed Research International

Research Article

New Acquisition Protocol of 18F-Choline PET/CT in Prostate Cancer Patients: Review of the Literature about Methodology and Proposal of Standardization

Table 1

The results of the acquisition protocols for 18F-Choline PET/CT in prostate cancer patients used in the published papers in the literature described in detail.
 Author CountryYear of publicationNumber of patientsIndication for 18F-choline PETDose of 18F-cholineEarly static acquisition: timing, FOVs time per FOVEarly dynamic acquisitionDelayed acquisitionOther delayed acquisitionsTransmission scansPatients preparation
1Kwee et al. [11]USA200626 3.3–4 MBq/kg7 min p.i. 5 FOVs, 7 min per FOV 60 min p.i. pelvic region 1 bed of 7 min  68Ge rod sources 
2Heinisch et al. [12]Austria200645Restaging4.07 MBq/kg  8 min dynamic PET in the pelvic region (1 min frames) 1 min p.i.14 to 19 min p.i. (mean 17,6 min p.i.) Low dose CTFasting for 12 hours
3Cimitan et al. [5]Italy2006100Restaging3.7–4.07 MBq/kg5–15 min p.i. (2 FOVs, 5 min/FOV) 65–200 min p.i. (6-7 bed positions, 5 min per bed) Low dose CTFasting for 6 hours
4Vees et al. [13]Switzerland200711Restaging214 ± 14 MBq (no adjustment for weight or size)2 min p.i. (7 FOVs, 3 min/FOV)   Unenhanced low dose CT scan 
5Igerc et al. [14]Austria2008 20Psa elevation negative biopsy4 MBq/kg3–5 min p.i. (1 FOV, 2 min/FOV) 30 min p.i. whole body 2 min per bed Contrast enhanced CT1.5 lt of water + oral mdc 1 hour before injection
6Husarik et al. [15]Switzerland2008111Staging + restaging200 MBq2 min p.i. (6-7 FOVs, 3 min/FOV)      
7Pelosi et al. [6]Italy200856Restaging185–259 MBq  60 min p.i. (mean 7 FOVs, 3.5 min per FOV)  Low dose CT and oral administration of 10 mL of contrast medium in half a litre of water 
8Steiner et al. [8]Germany200947Restaging300 MBq  10 minutes list-mode PET acquisition over the prostate bed p.i. Three timeframes of 3 minutes each were reconstructed for analysis.10 min p.i. whole body PET/CTDelayed pelvic PET/CT  
9Beauregard et al. [16]Australia201016Staging − restagingmedian 188 MBq (114–215 MBq) 10 min dynamic acquisition of the pelvis at time of injection, 1 min per frame, 1 bed position15 min, 5-6 bed positions, 5 min per bed. Low dose CT 
10Hodolic [17]Slovenia2011 50Staging + restaging200–300 MBq 5 min list mode acquisition over prostatic bed immediately after the injection60 min p.i. (9 bed positions on average) 2 min per bed   Fast 6–10 hours prior the scan
11Soyka et al. [18]Switzerland2012 156Restaging200–300 MBqpartial wb 3-4 min p.i. 15–20 min p.i. partial body scan without taking the patient off the examination table and without voiding of the bladder Low dose CT no contrast medium 
12Henninger et al. [19]Austria201235Restaging4 MBq/kg 8 min (1 min per frame) dynamic emission scan of the pelvis 1 min p.i.Whole body scan after the dynamic scan (7–9 FOVs, 5 min/FOV) Germanium-67 rod source,Fasting was not essential
13Poulsen et al. [20]Denmark2012210Staging4 MBq/kg  60 min p.i. wb scan (base of the skull to mid-thigh), 2.5 min/bed  Diagnostic CT with contrastFasting for 6 hours
14Kwee et al. [21]USA201250Staging − restaging2.6 MBq/kg  12–15 min p.i., wb 9–11 FOVs, 2 min/FOV  Fasting for at least 3 hours
15Oprea-Lager et al. [22]Netherlands201225Staging − restaging4 MBq/kgpelvic region 2 min p.i (2 min/FOV) 30 min p.i. mid-thigh to the skull vertex, 2 min/FOV Low dose CTSimilar to that required for FDG PET.
Empty bladder before late scan
16Graute et al. [23]Germany201282Restagingmean dose 300 MBq, normalized to body mass.  60 min p.i. 3 min/FOV Diagnostic CT unenhancedPrior wb scan pts were asked to empty their bladder so as to minimize tracer accumulation.
17Kjölhede et al. [24]Sweden2012 174Staging4 MBq/kg (max dose 400 MBq)  60–90 min p.i. wb PET (pelvis to neck), 2 min/FOV  Diagnostic quality CT with contrast mediumFasting for 4 hours before tracer injection
18Marzola et al. [7]Italy2013233Restaging3 MBq/kg5–10 min p.i. static acquisition of the pelvis (1 FOV of 4 min)  60 min p.i. wb scan from the orbitomeatal level to the superior portion of the thighs (6-7 FOVs, 3 min/FOV) Low dose CT no contrast6-hour fasting and 1-hour avoidance of liquids to reduce bladder filling before tracer injection. Voiding was requested immediately before scanning to minimize the presence of tracer in the urinary tract.
19Beheshti et al. [25]Austria2013250Restaging4.07 MBq/kg 8 min dynamic PET images of the pelvis (1 min/frame) 1 min p.i.10 min (6-7 FOVs), 4 min/FOV If abnormal tracer uptake further delayed static image at 90–120 minLow dose CT + diagnostic CT in 60% of the pts 
20Calabria et al. [26]Italy2014300Staging − restaging300 MBq range, 240–340 MBq  45 min p.i. wb scan, 5-7 FOVs, 3 min/FOVDelayed if neededLow dose CT + diagnostic CT, unenhancedFasting for at least 6 hours, on the week before diet avoiding foods containing high levels of choline.
21Afshar-Oromieh et al. [27]Germany201438Restaging3 MBq/kg.  60 min p.i 4 min/FOV Low dose CT no constrast medium 
22Buchegger et al. [28]Switzerland201423Restaging307 ± 16 MBq Tracer injection after the CT scan. 10 min list-mode acquisition on the prostate bed starting immediately with the tracer injection generating -min time frames corresponding to 0 to 3 min, 3 to 6 min, and 6 to 9 min after injection.10 min after injection standard wb 7-8 FOVs, 3-4 min/FOV each depending on patient size and weight. Two additional late images of 5 min each of the pelvis immediately after the wb PET scan (about 45 min after tracer injection).Low dose CTFasting for at least 4 hours before the FCH.
Empty bladder on scanning.
23Detti et al. [29]Italy2013 129Restaging3.7 MBq/kgPelvic region 1 min p.i. 2-3 FOVs, 2 min/FOV 60 min p.i. 8-9 FOVs, 2 min/FOV  Fasting for 6 hours before tracer injection
24Hausmann et al. [30]Germany201432Restagingmean  MBq  60 min p.i. 8 bed positions