Biochemical and Neurotransmitters Changes Associated with Tramadol in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats

Table 4

Effects of tramadol on liver and kidney functions in normal and diabetic rats.

Parameter	Doe (mg/Kg)
	Control		50		75		100
	𝑁	STZ	𝑁	STZ	𝑁	STZ	𝑁	STZ
AST (UL)	150.64±12.2	170.96±18.40^s	159.28±15.20	215.03±20.60^+∗	172.86±6.80^s	221.65±22.06^+∗	182.81±15.8^x	227.7±22.0^+∗
ALT (U/L)	31.92±4.7	37.94±3.50^b	32.44±16.50	46.16±12.18	35.1±1.50	45.33±4.33^+a	36.28±1.40	48.27±8.10^sa
Creatinine	0.69±0.08	0.9±0.010^+	0.77±0.13	0.92±0.013^ba	0.7±0.01	0.96±0.04^+∗	0.73±1.20	0.97±0.10
Urea	50.27±16.62	61.12±2.10^+	48.07±1.0	67.83±2.59^+∗	60.67±4.30	68.75±3.20^∗	61.0±4.70	69.5±2.80^+∗
T.G.	36.46±8.17	42.75±2.6^+	37.4±10.96	58.9±4.43^+∗	38.00±22.30	52.25±1.40^∗	39.38±17.60	54.00±13.3
Cholesterol	67.71±2.9	75.0±3.70^b	66.0±18.70	76.75±12.06	62.00±7.50	76.5±1.30^+	62.88±17.00	82.65±8.30^s
Uric acid	1.76±0.062	2.16±0.50	1.83±0.064	2.65±0.64^s	1.87±0.07	2.00±0.60	1.93±0.50	2.63±0.60^s

+Changes statistically significant compared to the corresponding normal group, 𝑃<0.001.
bChanges statistically significant compared to the corresponding normal group, 𝑃<0.01.
sChanges statistically significant compared to the corresponding normal group, 𝑃<0.05.
∗Changes statistically significant compared to the corresponding control group, 𝑃<0.001.
aChanges statistically significant compared to the corresponding control group, 𝑃<0.01.
xChanges statistically significant compared to the corresponding control group, 𝑃<0.05.
𝑁: normal rats, STZ: diabetic rats.