The Impact of Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Wheezing and Overweight in 4–6-Year-Old Children
Table 1
Distribution of variables according to wheezing during the last 12 months among children and unadjusted effects as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Variables
Wheezing yes (%)
Wheezing no (%)
Odds ratios** 95% CI
Mother’s age at childbirth (years)
<30
110 (11.1%)
885 (88.9%)
1
31 and more
58 (11.7%)
436 (88.3%)
1.07 (0.75–1.52)
Maternal education level
Low (10 or less years)*
52 (16.9%)
255 (83.1%)
1.87 (1.29–2.71)
Medium, high (>10 years)
116 (9.8%)
1066 (90.2%)
1
Socioeconomic status
Low
50 (12.5%)
351 (87.5%)
1.17 (0.81–1.69)
Moderate, high
118 (10.8%)
970 (89.2%)
1
Maternal smoking during pregnancy
No
150 (10.9%)
1226 (89.1%)
1
Yes
18 (15.9%)
95 (84.1%)
1.55 (0.88–2.71)
Maternal secondhand smoking
No
98 (10.3%)
858 (89.7%)
1
Yes
70 (13.1%)
463 (86.9%)
1.32 (0.94–1.86)
Gas cooking
No
52 (9.7%)
483 (90.3%)
1
Yes
116 (12.2%)
838 (87.8%)
1.29 (0.90–1.84)
Children’s sex
Male*
103 (14.0%)
635 (86.0%)
1.71 (1.22–2.41)
Female
65 (8.7%)
686 (91.3%)
1
Children parity
1
79 (9.6%)
743 (90.4%)
1
2 and more*
89 (13.3%)
578 (86.7%)
1.45 (1.04–2.02)
Birth weight
<2500 g
14 (15.4%)
77 (84.6%)
1.47 (0.77–2.74)
2501 g and more
154 (11.0%)
1244 (89.0%)
1
Breastfeeding
No
16 (16.2%)
83 (83.8%)
1.57 (0.86–2.83)
Yes
152 (10.9%)
1238 (89.1%)
1
Allergy
No
61 (5.9%)
973 (94.1%)
1
Yes*
107 (23.5%)
348 (76.5%)
4.90 (3.45–6.97)
Eczema
No
148 (10.7%)
1240 (89.3%)
1
Yes*
20 (19.8%)
81 (80.2%)
2.07 (1.19–3.57)
Paracetamol use during the first year of life
No
41 (9.1%)
412 (90.9%)
1
Yes
127 (12.3%)
909 (87.7%)
1.40 (0.95–2.07)
Antibiotic use during the first year of life
No
75 (7.7%)
899 (92.3%)
1
Yes*
93 (18.1%)
422 (81.9%)
2.64 (1.88–3.71)
Asthma in parents
No
140 (10.1%)
1251 (89.9%)
1
Yes*
28 (28.6%)
70 (71.4%)
3.57 (2.17–5.87)
.
**Unadjusted associations are presented as wheezing odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals of univariate analysis.
