The Impact of Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Wheezing and Overweight in 4–6-Year-Old Children

Table 2

Distribution of variables according to children’s overweight status and unadjusted effects as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Risk factors	Overweight yes; 𝑁 (%)	Overweight no; 𝑁 (%)	Odds ratios**; 95% CI
Mothers’ age at childbirth (years)
<30	79 (7.9%)	916 (92.1%)	1.25 (0.81–1.91)
31 and more	32 (6.5%)	426 (93.5%)	1
Maternal education level
Low (10 or less years)*	36 (11.7%)	271 (88.3%)	2.00 (1.30–3.00)
Medium, high (>10 years)	75 (6.3%)	1107 (93.7%)	1
Maternal active smoking*
No	88 (6.8%)	1212 (93.2%)	1
Yes	23 (12.2%)	166 (87.8%)	1.91 (1.17–3.11)
Maternal smoking during pregnancy*
No	94 (6.8%)	1282 (93.2%)	1
Yes	17 (15.0%)	96 (85.0%)	2.42 (1.38–4.21)
Maternal second-hand smoking
No	68 (7.1%)	888 (92.9%)	1
Yes	43 (8.1%)	490 (91.9%)	1.15 (0.77–1.71)
Children’s sex
Male*	65 (8.8%)	673 (91.2%)	1.48 (1.00–2.19)
Female	46 (6.1%)	705 (93.9%)	1
Breastfeeding
No	10 (10.1%)	89 (89.9%)	1.43 (0.72–2.84)
Yes	101 (7.3%)	1289 (92.7%)	1
Paracetamol use during the first year of life
No	26 (5.7%)	427 (94.3%)	1
Yes	85 (8.2%)	951 (91.8%)	1.47 (0.93–2.31)
Antibiotic use during the first year of life
No	66 (6.8%)	908 (93.2%)	1
Yes	45 (8.7%)	470 (91.3%)	1.32 (0.89–1.96)
Birth weight*
<2500 g	6 (6.8)	82 (93.2%)	1.17 (0.48–2.84)
2500–3500 g	43 (5.9%)	688 (94.1%)	1
>3500 g	62 (9.3%)	608 (90.7%)	1.63 (1.09–2.44)
Watching TV
≤1 h/day	36 (6.1%)	558 (93.9%)	1
>1 h/day	75 (8.4%)	820 (91.6%)	1.42 (0.94–2.14)
Time spent at the computer*
≤1 h/day	72 (6.3%)	1066 (93.7%)	1
>1 h/day	39 (11.1%)	312 (88.9%)	1.58 (2.84–6.47)

^∗𝑃<0.05.
**Unadjusted associations are presented as overweight odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals of univariate analysis.