Number Name of phytochemicals Rich source Concerned pathways in skin cancer References 1 Myricetin Walnuts (Juglans regia ) Inhibits Akt activity to induce apoptosis (HaCaT cells) and also inhibits Fyn kinase activity Kim et al. 2010 [58 ]; Jung et al. 2008 [59 ] 2 Caffeic acid Coffee (Coffea canephora ) Inhibits Fyn kinase activity Kang et al. 2009 [60 ] 3 Alpha-santalol Sandalwood oil Activates proapoptotic caspases and p53 and also cleave poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase through activating upstream caspase-8 and caspase-9. Arasada et al. 2008 [61 ] 4 Nicotinamide Peas, Asparagus, Mushroom, Squash Repair UV induced DNA damage Surjana et al. 2013 [62 ] 5 Norathyriol Mango, Hypericum elegans,Tripterospermum lanceolatum , and so forth Inhibit AKT activation, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and ERk1/2 to attenuate UVB-induced phosphorylation in MAPK signaling
Li et al. 2012 [63 ] 6 Retinoids (Acitretin and isotretinoin) Vitamin A rich food source like Carrot, Spinach, pumpkin, and so forth Prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer isotretinoin is preferred in xeroderma pigmentosum and nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, whereas acitretin is more used in transplant recipients, psoriasis, and severe sun damage Bettoli et al. 2013 [64 ] 7 Shikonin Lithospermum erythrorhizon Reverse AMPK activity in TPA induced suppression Li et al., 2012 [65 ] 8 Ferulic acid (FA) Rich source in Phaseolus vulgaris , Rice and Maize BranInhibit MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression Staniforth et al. 2012 [66 ] 9 Honokiol Magnolia plant Inhibit UVB-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E(2), PCNA, and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α , IL-1β and IL-6) Vaid et al. 2010 [67 ] 10 Pycnogenol B7 French maritime pine, Pinus pinaster Offered protection against sun UV induced acute inflammation, immunosuppression, and carcinogenesis Sime and Reeve, 2004 [68 ] 11 Guggulsterone Commiphora mukul attenuates Cox-2 and i NOS protein expression Sarfaraz et al., 2008 [69 ] 12 Humulone Humulus lupulus Inhibit TPA-induced epidermal COX-2 expression by blocking upstream kinases IKK and JNK and activates NF-kappaB and AP-1. Lee et al., 2007 [70 ] 13 Apigenin Parsley and Onions Inhibits UVB-induced COX-2 expression by targeting src Kinase
Byun et al., 2012 [71 ]
14 5-Hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone (5-OH-HxMF), Fruits of citrus genus specially Peels of sweet orange Inhibitory effects on TPA-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 in mouse skin and activates NF-
B and STAT3
Lai et al., 2007 [72 ] 15 3,3′-Diindolylmethane (DIM) Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, and so forth Inhibited the TPA-induced increases in COX-2, iNOS, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL) 5, IL-6, NF-
B, IKK, and ERK-1/2
Kim et al., 2010 [73 ]
16 Xanthorrhizol Curcuma xanthorrhiza Reduces ODC, iNOS, and COX-2 level, regulated by the NF-
B, MAPK/Akt
Chung et al., 2007 [74 ] 17 Oleandrin Nerium oleander Reverts PI3K, Akt phosphorylation, and activation of NF-
B
Afaq et al., 2004 [75 ] 18 Delphinidin genus Delphinium Decreases cell viability and PCNA expression, peroxidation, and formation of 8-OHdG in HaCaT cells and SKH-1 animals
Afaq et al., 2007 [76 ]
