Research Article

Advance in ERG Analysis: From Peak Time and Amplitude to Frequency, Power, and Energy

Table 1

Normative data (mean ± standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV, in bold)) obtained for each parameter (time, frequency, amplitude, power, and energy) assessed using the different analytical approaches compared in this study (time domain, frequency domain, and continuous and discrete time-frequency domain). The time domain allows timing and amplitude quantification of two major components (i.e., the a- and b-waves). The frequency domain identifies the frequency and power of three major components (probably associated with the a- and b-waves and OPs). The continuous time-frequency domain allows timing, frequency, and energy measurements of three main components (probably associated with the a- and b-waves and OPs). Finally, with the discrete time-frequency domain, the components are identified in predetermined temporal windows (i.e., intervals) and frequency bands (i.e., instead of precise timing and frequency) and allow more components to be identified and the a- and b-wave can be quantified independently (i.e., in contrast to the frequency domain or continuous time-frequency domain in which the a- and b-waves formed a single low-frequency component).

Time domain (peak time and amplitude)
Time (ms) Frequency (Hz) Amplitude ( V) Origin

Main component 1 13.53 ± 1.55 (11)n/a 32.21 ± 5.11 (16)a-wave
Main component 230.98 ± 1.33 (4)n/a104.81 ± 18.66 (18) b-wave

Frequency domain (Fourier analysis)
Time (ms)Frequency (Hz) Power ( W/Hz) Probable origin

Main component 1 n/a28.81 ± 7.17 (29)10.46 ± 2.15 (21)a- and b-waves
Main component 2 n/a75.38 ± 7.69 (10)3.43 ± 0.89 (26)OPs
Main component 3n/a146.00 ± 13.31 (9)1.88 ± 0.43 (23) OPs

Time-frequency domain (continuous wavelet transform)
Time (ms) Frequency (Hz) Energy ( V·s) Probable origin

Main component 131.04 ± 0.89 (3)29.70 ± 5.71 (19)202.8 ± 21.08 (10)a- and b-waves
Main component 2 32.04 ± 2.22 (7)73.81 ± 6.28 (9)111.57 ± 23.17 (21) OPs
Main component 329.81 ± 1.96 (7)150.28 ± 11.57 (8)69.29 ± 16.79 (24)OPs

Time-frequency domain (discrete wavelet transform)
Time interval (ms) Frequency band (Hz)Energy ( V·s)Probable origin

Main component 1−20 to 17.520 ± 6.678.08 ± 10.66 (14)a-wave
Main component 217.5 to 5520 ± 6.6214.46 ± 19.02 (9)b-wave
Main component 30 to 17.540 ± 13.3100.79 ± 9.39 (9)a-wave
Main component 417.5 to 5540 ± 13.3228.41 ± 28.05 (12)b-wave
Main component 58.125 to 5580 ± 26.6145.83 ± 21.75 (15)OPs
Main component 617.5 to 40.35160 ± 53.380.81 ± 12.48 (15)OPs