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| Authors/year of publication | Radiocontrast media used; cell type used | Cell functional/structural changes observed |
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| Laerum 1983 [11] | HOCM and LOCM; human endothelial cells | Chromium-51 release as measure of cell toxicity; HOCM more toxic than LOCM |
|
| Andersen et al. 1994 [12] | Ionic monomeric/dimeric, nonionic LOCM; MDCK and LLC-PK1 cells | RCM caused formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles; increase in brush border and lysosomal marker enzyme activity |
|
| Dascalu and Peer 1994 [13] | Ionic/nonionic RCM; endothelial and renal cells | Acidification of internal pH; decrease in cell viability |
|
| Andersen et al. 1995 [14] | Nonionic LOCM and IOCM; MDCK and LLC-PK1 cells | RCM caused concentration-dependent formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles; cell death/decrease in cell viability; increase in brush border and lysosomal marker enzyme activity. These effects were more pronounced with LOCM than with IOCM |
|
| Potier et al. 1997 [15] | Ionic/nonionic LOCM and HOCM; mesangial cells | Dye uptake as measure of cell viability
HOCM more toxic than LOCM |
|
| Haller et al. 1997 [16] | HOCM and LOCM; MDCK and LLC-PK1 cells | HOCM more toxic. LLC-PK1 cells more susceptible to RCM cytotoxicity |
|
| Hizóh et al. 1998 [17] | MDCK; HOCM | DNA fragmentation caused by RCM |
|
| Hardiek et al. 2001 [18] | LLC-PK1 cells and human renal proximal tubule cells; HOCM, LOCM, and IOCM | Cell viability was affected by all RCM with HOCM having a greater affect than IOCM which in turn had a greater effect than LOCM |
|
| Fanning et al. 2002 [19] | Human neutrophils; HOCM, LOCM, and IOCM | All types of RCM induced neutrophil apoptosis, with HOCM having greater effect |
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| Hizoh and Haller 2002 [20] | MDCK cells; HOCM | HOCM induced DNA fragmentation |
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| Yano et al. 2003 [21] | LLC-PK1 cells; HOCM and LOCM | HOCM caused a greater decrease in cell viability |
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| Ribeiro et al. 2004 [22] | Renal artery smooth muscle cells; HOCM and LOCM | HOCM caused a greater decrease in cell viability |
|
| Heinrich et al. 2005 [23] | LLC-PK1 cells; HOCM, LOCM, and IOCM | All types of RCM cause a decrease in cell viability with HOCM showing greatest effect |
|
| Andreucci et al. 2006, 2011, 2014 [24–26] | HK-2 cells; HOCM, LOCM, and IOCM | All RCM caused a decrease in cell viability in the order HOCM > LOCM > IOCM |
|
| Heinrich et al. 2007 [27] | LLC-PK1 cells; LOCM and IOCM | Cell viability measured; no difference in toxicity between the 2 types of RCM |
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| Yang et al. 2013 [28] | LOCM (ioversol); rat renal proximal tubular cell line (NRK-52E) | Decrease in cell viability and increase in intracellular Ca2+ ion concentration |
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