Walking Recovery after a Hip Fracture: A Prospective Follow-Up Study among Community-Dwelling over 60-Year Old Men and Women

Table 2

Characteristics of participants by walking trajectories in  walking 500 meters  (𝑛, mean ± SD, median  𝑃 value/𝑛 (%), 𝜒²  𝑃 value) and binary logistic regression model for statistically significant variables as a predictor for catastrophic trajectory.

	Trajectory					Binary logistic regression
	No-to-minor-difficulty 𝑛=27		Catastrophic 𝑛=54		𝑃 value	Model I^e	Model II^f
	𝑛		𝑛			OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Demographic and  prefracture information
Age	27	𝟕𝟕.𝟗±𝟔.𝟒	54	𝟖𝟏.𝟎±𝟕.𝟑	0.035
Women (%)	27	23 (85)	54	40 (74)	0.257
Body height (cm)	27	160.9±8.1	53	160.4±9.4	1
Body weight (kg)	27	64.9±10.1	54	66.3±12.3	0.485
Number of chronic diseases	27	3.1±1.8	54	3.5±1.7	0.634
Osteoarthritis	27	0 (0)	54	10 (19)	0.017h
Osteoporosis	27	2 (7)	54	8 (15)	0.339
Diabetes	27	1 (4)	54	8 (15)	0.134
Walking aid outdoors before fracture (%)	25	6 (24)	51	33 (65)	<0.001	5.77 (1.83–18.20)	5.49 (1.70–17.77)
Falling indoors, year before the fracture	27	3 (11)	53	17 (32)	0.041	4.49 (1.11–18.10)	4.64 (1.01–21.36)
Falling outdoors, year before the fracture	27	8 (39)	53	20 (38)	0.472
C-statistic of the model							0.79
Hospital  information
Collum fracture, S72.0 (%)	27	20 (74)	54	32 (59)	0.190
Type of surgery (%)	27		54		0.454
Fixation		11 (41)		27 (50)
Hemiarthroplasty		11 (41)		22 (41)
Total hip replacement		5 (18)		5 (9)
Lowest haemoglobin after surgery (g/L)	26	99.7±14.7	51	96.7±12.7	1
Time from fracture to surgery (days)	27	2.2±1.9	54	3.0±5.1	0.347
Information at discharge
Difficulties in walking at the ward (%)	25	2 (8)	49	3 (6)	0.761
Offending pain at discharge (%)	25	7 (28)	46	22 (48)	0.105
Duration  of inpatient period (days)	27	𝟏𝟕±𝟏𝟑	54	𝟐𝟔±𝟏𝟔	<0.001	1.05 (1.00–1.10)	1.05 (1.00–1.10)
Information 6 weeks after the dischargej							0.70
Prescribed pain medication	27	15 (56)	54	35 (65)	0.419
Lower body pain (VAS)^d	27	𝟓𝟒.𝟗±𝟕𝟒.𝟒	53	𝟏𝟑𝟒.𝟏±𝟏𝟐𝟗.𝟎	0.004	1.09 (1.02–1.16)g	1.07 (1.00–1.15)g
Functional balance (score)^c	26	𝟒𝟔.𝟖±𝟒.𝟕	52	𝟑𝟗.𝟖±𝟏𝟎.𝟒	0.004	0.86 (0.77–0.96)	0.90 (0.81–1.01)
Knee extension force, nonfractured side (N)	27	252.9±85.4	51	224.3±89.0	0.056a
Knee extension force, fractured side (N)	26	191.0±66.7	48	167.9±74.6	0.087a
Handgrip force (N)	20	210.0±73.3	42	190.5±86.9	0.155
Time  in home-dwelling (days)	27	42.2±12.7	54	41.9±26.6	0.235
C-statistic of the model							0.79

^a𝑃 value is adjusted with the body weight using marginal means.
^bADL: activities of daily living.
^cBBS: range 0–56.
^dVAS: range 0–600.
^eModel I: OR for prediction in logistic regression for statistically significant variables adjusted for age and gender.
^fModel II: OR for prediction in logistic regression for all statistically significant variables from Model I in one time point, adjusted for age and gender.
^gVAS and knee extension force were divided by 10 for the regression analysis.
^hLogistic regression analysis impossible due to quasicomplete separation and because maximum likelihood parameter does not exist.
Statistically significantly different values between the study groups are bolded and 𝑃 values are in italic.