Video Game Addiction in Gambling Disorder: Clinical, Psychopathological, and Personality Correlates
Table 2
Comparison for SOGS scores and DSM-IV criteria.
1Non-VGU
1VGU
1VGA
Group
LT
QT
Effect size
2Cohen’s
(1a) Card games; %
27.35%
33.33%
52.17%
0.064
0.022
0.547
0.13
0.52*
0.39
(1b) Horse racing; %
3.42%
0%
0%
0.338
0.998
0.999
0.27
0.27
—
(1c) Sports events; %
3.42%
7.69%
0%
0.287
0.998
0.998
0.19
0.27
0.41
(1d) Lottery/scratchcards; %
84.62%
84.62%
91.30%
0.697
0.409
0.585
0.00
0.21
0.21
(1e) Casino; %
24.79%
41.03%
26.09%
0.145
0.895
0.087
0.35
0.03
0.32
(1f) Bingo; %
51.28%
46.15%
47.83%
0.841
0.762
0.729
0.10
0.07
0.03
(1g) Stock market; %
5.13%
5.13%
0%
0.539
0.998
0.998
0.00
0.33
0.33
(1h) Slot machines; %
81.20%
89.74%
100%
0.045
0.998
0.998
0.24
0.68*
0.48
(1i) Other forms of gambling; %
15.38%
5.26%
31.82%
0.022
0.072
0.032
0.34
0.39
0.73
(2) Amount of money spent: ≥300 euros; %
53.85%
66.67%
52.17%
0.341
0.883
0.162
0.26
0.03
0.30
(3) Family history of gambling; %
22.22%
15.38%
34.78%
0.208
0.204
0.132
0.18
0.28
0.46
(4) Going back to win back lost money; %
91.38%
89.74%
100%
0.307
0.998
0.998
0.06
0.43
0.48
(5) Claiming to be winning when losing; %
40.87%
43.59%
56.52%
0.385
0.171
0.607
0.06
0.32
0.26
(6) Problem recognition; %
97.44%
97.44%
100%
0.740
0.998
0.998
0.00
0.23
0.23
(7) Gambling more than planned; %
91.38%
92.31%
100%
0.347
0.998
0.998
0.03
0.43
0.41
(8) Being criticized; %
66.09%
74.36%
82.61%
0.230
0.127
0.919
0.18
0.39
0.20
(9) Feeling guilty; %
95.73%
100%
100%
0.256
0.998
0.999
0.30
0.30
—
(10) Inability to stop gambling; %
92.24%
92.31%
100%
0.385
0.998
0.998
0.00
0.41
0.41
(11) Hiding signs of gambling; %
69.83%
74.36%
78.26%
0.662
0.417
0.992
0.10
0.19
0.09
(12) Arguments with family/friends; %
78.63%
79.49%
91.30%
0.369
0.175
0.394
0.02
0.36
0.34
(13) Arguments and fights; %
74.53%
71.43%
73.91%
0.937
0.951
0.757
0.07
0.01
0.06
(14) Borrowing money and failing to return it; %
46.15%
41.03%
52.17%
0.691
0.598
0.408
0.10
0.12
0.22
(15) Skipping work due to gambling; %
43.59%
46.15%
65.22%
0.163
0.062
0.396
0.05
0.44
0.39
(16a) Taking money from home; %
77.78%
77.27%
93.33%
0.375
0.199
0.330
0.01
0.45
0.47
(16b) Taking money from partner; %
59.52%
60.00%
83.33%
0.300
0.143
0.379
0.01
0.55*
0.54
(16c) Taking money from family; %
77.08%
86.96%
87.50%
0.541
0.514
0.704
0.26
0.28
0.02
(16d) Borrowing from banks; %
81.48%
77.78%
83.33%
0.918
0.880
0.679
0.09
0.05
0.14
(16e) Using credit cards; %
77.78%
91.67%
84.62%
0.323
0.589
0.279
0.39
0.18
0.22
(16f) Borrowing from money lenders; %
30.30%
45.45%
0%
0.239
0.999
0.999
0.32
0.93*
1.29*
(16g) Money from sale of shares or other bank assets; %
7.69%
14.29%
25.00%
0.553
0.311
1.000
0.21
0.48
0.27
(16h) Money from property sales; %
41.67%
50.00%
20.00%
0.552
0.369
0.348
0.17
0.48
0.66*
(16i) Money from making out false checks; %
8.00%
0%
0%
0.654
0.999
1.000
0.42
0.42
—
SOGS: total score; mean (SD)
9.66 (3.2)
10.1 (3.6)
11.2 (2.4)
0.117
0.043
0.670
0.13
0.54*
0.36
DSM1. Preoccupations with gambling; %
73.95%
80.95%
86.96%
0.318
0.191
0.964
0.17
0.33
0.16
DSM2. Need to bet more money; %
62.18%
42.86%
86.96%
0.002
0.031
0.001
0.39
0.59*
1.04*
DSM3. Unsuccessful efforts to control; %
90.76%
95.24%
100%
0.229
0.998
0.998
0.18
0.45
0.32
DSM4. Restless, irritable when not gambling; %
59.66%
71.43%
73.91%
0.227
0.203
0.639
0.25
0.31
0.06
DSM5. Gambling to escape from problems; %
73.95%
64.29%
82.61%
0.255
0.382
0.102
0.21
0.21
0.42
DSM6. Gambling again after losing money; %
73.95%
80.95%
95.65%
0.062
0.050
0.342
0.17
0.63*
0.47
DSM7. Lying to family members or others; %
90.76%
95.24%
86.96%
0.494
0.578
0.260
0.18
0.12
0.29
DSM8. Committing illegal acts; %
27.73%
28.57%
30.43%
0.965
0.792
0.955
0.02
0.06
0.04
DSM9. Losing a significant relationship, job,…; %
78.99%
80.95%
91.30%
0.387
0.184
0.478
0.05
0.35
0.30
DSM10. Relying on others to provide money; %
70.59%
83.33%
69.57%
0.250
0.922
0.116
0.31
0.02
0.33
DSM. Total criteria; mean (SD)
7.03 (2.3)
7.24 (1.9)
8.04 (1.5)
0.114
0.038
0.471
0.10
0.52*
0.47
SD: standard deviation. 1Non-VGU (non-video game users) (total VDT score of 0); VGU: video game users (total VDT score between 1 and 19); VGA: video game addicts (total VDT score of 20 or higher). LT: linear trend; QT: quadratic trend. 2Cohen’s for the comparisons: non-VGU versus VGU; non-VGU versus VGA; VGU versus VGA. *Bold: moderate () to high () effect size.