Research Article

Video Game Addiction in Gambling Disorder: Clinical, Psychopathological, and Personality Correlates

Table 2

Comparison for SOGS scores and DSM-IV criteria.

1Non-VGU 1VGU 1VGA GroupLTQTEffect size
2Cohen’s

(1a) Card games; %27.35%33.33%52.17%0.0640.0220.5470.130.52*0.39
(1b) Horse racing; %3.42%0%0%0.3380.9980.9990.270.27
(1c) Sports events; %3.42%7.69%0%0.2870.9980.9980.190.270.41
(1d) Lottery/scratchcards; %84.62%84.62%91.30%0.6970.4090.5850.000.210.21
(1e) Casino; %24.79%41.03%26.09%0.1450.8950.0870.350.030.32
(1f) Bingo; %51.28%46.15%47.83%0.8410.7620.7290.100.070.03
(1g) Stock market; %5.13%5.13%0%0.5390.9980.9980.000.330.33
(1h) Slot machines; %81.20%89.74%100%0.0450.9980.9980.240.68*0.48
(1i) Other forms of gambling; %15.38%5.26%31.82%0.0220.0720.0320.340.390.73
(2) Amount of money spent: ≥300 euros; %53.85%66.67%52.17%0.3410.8830.1620.260.030.30
(3) Family history of gambling; %22.22%15.38%34.78%0.2080.2040.1320.180.280.46
(4) Going back to win back lost money; %91.38%89.74%100%0.3070.9980.9980.060.430.48
(5) Claiming to be winning when losing; %40.87%43.59%56.52%0.3850.1710.6070.060.320.26
(6) Problem recognition; %97.44%97.44%100%0.7400.9980.9980.000.230.23
(7) Gambling more than planned; %91.38%92.31%100%0.3470.9980.9980.030.430.41
(8) Being criticized; %66.09%74.36%82.61%0.2300.1270.9190.180.390.20
(9) Feeling guilty; %95.73%100%100%0.2560.9980.9990.300.30
(10) Inability to stop gambling; %92.24%92.31%100%0.3850.9980.9980.000.410.41
(11) Hiding signs of gambling; %69.83%74.36%78.26%0.6620.4170.9920.100.190.09
(12) Arguments with family/friends; %78.63%79.49%91.30%0.3690.1750.3940.020.360.34
(13) Arguments and fights; %74.53%71.43%73.91%0.9370.9510.7570.070.010.06
(14) Borrowing money and failing to return it; %46.15%41.03%52.17%0.6910.5980.4080.100.120.22
(15) Skipping work due to gambling; %43.59%46.15%65.22%0.1630.0620.3960.050.440.39
(16a) Taking money from home; %77.78%77.27%93.33%0.3750.1990.3300.010.450.47
(16b) Taking money from partner; %59.52%60.00%83.33%0.3000.1430.3790.010.55*0.54
(16c) Taking money from family; %77.08%86.96%87.50%0.5410.5140.7040.260.280.02
(16d) Borrowing from banks; %81.48%77.78%83.33%0.9180.8800.6790.090.050.14
(16e) Using credit cards; %77.78%91.67%84.62%0.3230.5890.2790.390.180.22
(16f) Borrowing from money lenders; %30.30%45.45%0%0.2390.9990.9990.320.93*1.29*
(16g) Money from sale of shares or other bank assets; %7.69%14.29%25.00%0.5530.3111.0000.210.480.27
(16h) Money from property sales; %41.67%50.00%20.00%0.5520.3690.3480.170.480.66*
(16i) Money from making out false checks; %8.00%0%0%0.6540.9991.0000.420.42

SOGS: total score; mean (SD)9.66 (3.2)10.1 (3.6)11.2 (2.4)0.1170.0430.6700.130.54*0.36

DSM1. Preoccupations with gambling; %73.95%80.95%86.96%0.3180.1910.9640.170.330.16
DSM2. Need to bet more money; %62.18%42.86%86.96%0.0020.0310.0010.390.59*1.04*
DSM3. Unsuccessful efforts to control; %90.76%95.24%100%0.2290.9980.9980.180.450.32
DSM4. Restless, irritable when not gambling; %59.66%71.43%73.91%0.2270.2030.6390.250.310.06
DSM5. Gambling to escape from problems; %73.95%64.29%82.61%0.2550.3820.1020.210.210.42
DSM6. Gambling again after losing money; %73.95%80.95%95.65%0.0620.0500.3420.170.63*0.47
DSM7. Lying to family members or others; %90.76%95.24%86.96%0.4940.5780.2600.180.120.29
DSM8. Committing illegal acts; %27.73%28.57%30.43%0.9650.7920.9550.020.060.04
DSM9. Losing a significant relationship, job,…; %78.99%80.95%91.30%0.3870.1840.4780.050.350.30
DSM10. Relying on others to provide money; %70.59%83.33%69.57%0.2500.9220.1160.310.020.33

DSM. Total criteria; mean (SD)7.03 (2.3)7.24 (1.9)8.04 (1.5)0.1140.0380.4710.100.52*0.47

SD: standard deviation. 1Non-VGU (non-video game users) (total VDT score of 0); VGU: video game users (total VDT score between 1 and 19); VGA: video game addicts (total VDT score of 20 or higher). LT: linear trend; QT: quadratic trend. 2Cohen’s for the comparisons: non-VGU versus VGU; non-VGU versus VGA; VGU versus VGA. *Bold: moderate ( ) to high ( ) effect size.