Determination of Mineral, Trace Element, and Pesticide Levels in Honey Samples Originating from Different Regions of Malaysia Compared to Manuka Honey

Table 5

Trace elements in the different types of Malaysian honey samples.

Type of honey	As; mg/kg	Pb; mg/kg	Cd; mg/kg	Cu; mg/kg	Co; mg/kg
Acacia	0.126±0.030	1.017±0.040	0.20±0.00	2.11±0.13	0.107±0.005
Pineapple	0.062±0.016	0.850±0.042	0.80±0.14	2.25±0.14	0.101±0.002
Gelam	0.064±0.005	0.777±0.012	0.05±0.07	2.21±0.02	0.082±0.005
Longan	0.057±0.003	0.723±0.027	0.05±0.07	2.42±0.15	0.065±0.001
Borneo	0.051±0.001	0.588±0.011	n.d.	2.83±0.15	0.058±0.003
Rubber tree	0.075±0.002	0.029±0.001	n.d.	2.61±0.01	0.066±0.001
Sourwood	0.028±0.001	0.011±0.002	n.d.	2.40±0.52	0.069±0.001
Tualang	0.062±0.007	0.183±0.007	n.d.	1.25±0.63	0.033±0.002
Trigona type 1	0.043±0.002	n.d.	1.03±0.25	n.d.	n.d.
Trigona type 2	0.027±0.001	0.691±0.002	0.78±0.04	n.d.	n.d.
Rain forest	0.034±0.002	n.d.	0.29±0.01	2.46±0.64	n.d.
Bitter gourd	0.041±0.001	0.134±0.014	0.88±0.04	1.55±0.69	0.023±0.001
Trigona type 3	0.043±0.001	n.d.	0.51±0.01	2.40±0.06	n.d.
Trigona type 4	0.052±0.002	n.d.	0.33±0.04	2.93±0.36	n.d.
Mean ± SD	0.068±0.025	0.36±0.39	0.35±0.38	1.96±0.94	0.043±0.028
Range (min–max)	0.027–0.126	n.d.–1.017	n.d.–1.03	n.d.–2.93	n.d.–0.107
Manuka	0.256±0.002	n.d.	1.10±0.71	2.17±0.10	0.136±0.007

Results are expressed as mean ± SD. n.d.: not detected.