Levels of Soluble E-Cadherin in Breast, Gastric, and Colorectal Cancers

Table 1

List of the major works reporting soluble E-cadherin (sE-cad) proteins in the last 20 years.

Tumor	Location	Major findings	References
	Serum; and urine	sE-cad exerted prooncogenic effects	Brouxhon et al., 2013 [36]
	Serum	sE-cad may be a candidate marker for the prediction of response to PST	Hofmann et al., 2013 [35]
BC	Serum	Preoperative sE-cad levels were higher in invasive tumor and changed after surgery	Perez-Rivas et al., 2012 [31]
	Cell medium	sE-cad release appeared to be regulated by NGF during the BC cell induction of an invasive phenotype	Dollé et al., 2005 [34]
	Serum	sE-cad levels positively correlated with the pre- and posttherapeutic tumor size as well as the disease-free interval	Hofmann et al., 2005 [33]
	Serum	sE-cad was a good marker predicting the disease recurrence in the first 3–6 months after surgery	Chan et al., 2005 [38]
	Serum	sE-cad was an independent factor predicting long-term survival, and it was proposed as a valuable pretherapeutic prognostic factor in GC	Chan et al., 2003 [39]
GC	Serum	sE-cad levels increased in intestinal-type GC, especially in advanced stages, and sE-cad was proposed as prognostic marker	Juhasz et al., 2003 [40]
	Serum	sE-cad resulted in a potential valid prognostic marker for GC	Chan et al., 2001 [41]
	Serum	Tumor tissues showed higher sE-cad levels, which were proposed as excellent tumor markers with high sensitivity	Gofuku et al., 1998 [42]
	Secretome*	More than 170 proteins were identified, including the E-cad	Imperlini et al., 2013 [43]
	Serum	An elevated sE-cad level was a risk factor for predicting poor prognosis and hepatic metastasis	Okugawa et al., 2012 [44]
CRC	Serum, secretome,; and tissue	In patients with late-stage CRC, serum sE-cad levels directly increased and they were proposed as diagnostic biomarker	Weiß et al., 2011 [45]
	Serum	sE-cad was proposed as potential marker but not for a routine clinical use because of the lack of specificity	Wilmanns et al., 2004 [46]
	Serum	Even if elevated in some patients, sE-cad concentrations were not significantly elevated compared with those of controls	Velikova et al., 1998 [47]
BlC	Urine	Urinary sE-cad values were not greater than urinary total protein content	Protheroe et al., 1999 [48]
	Serum	sE-cad concentrations were higher in BlC patients, and they were correlated with known prognostic factors	Griffiths et al., 1996 [49]
BlC and urinary disorders	Urine	This is the first evidence of sE-cad forms in urine, which were proposed for diagnosis and prognosis of urinary disorders	Banks et al., 1995 [50]
TCC of the urinary BlC	Urine	sE-cad levels were higher in TCC patients and they strongly correlated with tumor grade	Shi et al., 2008 [51]
	Cell medium; and urine	Higher sE-cad levels were associated with positive cytology results and muscle invasive tumor stage	Shariat et al., 2005 [52]
	Serum	Higher levels of sE-cad correlated with increasing tumor grade but not with clinicopathological stage	Durkan et al., 1999 [53]
MIBlC	Plasma	Preoperative plasma levels of sE-cad were higher in patients with metastases to regional and distant lymph nodes	Matsumoto et al., 2003 [54]
HCC	Serum	sE-cad levels were elevated in HCC patients and their levels were proposed as potential HCC prognostic marker	Soyama et al., 2008 [55]
HD	Serum	In HD patients, at diagnosis, sE-cad levels decreased, even if they were not statistically significant, in comparison to healthy controls	Syrigos et al., 2004a [56]
LC	Serum	Circulating sE-cad levels were higher in NSCL patients, but without any statistical evidence as prognostic factor of cell survival	Syrigos et al., 2004b [57]
MM	Serum	Circulating sE-cad levels were higher in MM patients and were proposed as prognostic factor of cell survival	Gogali et al., 2010 [58]
	Cell medium	sE-cad influenced tumor invasion and it was proposed to play multiple functional roles than cell adhesion	Charalabopoulos et al., 2006 [59]
PCa	Serum	sE-cad concentration highly statistically decreased after surgery in 82% patients	Iacopino et al., 2012 [60]
	Serum and tissue	This was the first report of sE-cad detection in neoplastic PCa, and sE-cad was proposed as biomarker for PCa disease progression	Kuefer et al., 2003 [61]
SCC	Serum	sEcad induced SCC proliferation and migration and was proposed as a therapeutic target in coetaneous SCCs	Brouxhon et al., 2014 [37]

BlC: bladder cancer; BC: breast cancer; CRC: colorectal cancer; GC: gastric cancer; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HD: Hodgkin’s disease; LC: lung cancer; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MIBlC: muscle invasive bladder cancer; MM: multiple myeloma; NGF: nerve growth factor; PCa: prostate cancer; PST: preoperative systemic chemotherapy; SCC: skin squamous cell carcinoma; sE-cad: soluble E-cadherin; TTC: transitional cell carcinoma; secretome: serum-free cellular culture.