Effect of Prenatal Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure on Birth Outcomes: The Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study

Table 5

Association between PAH metabolites and anthropometric measures at birth by multiple linear regression.

PAH metabolites*	Birth weight (g)				Cephalization index (cm/g)				Chest circumference (cm)				Child length (cm)				Head circumference (cm)				Ponderal index (g/cm^3)
	𝛽	SE	𝑃	PAH and ETS interaction; 𝑃	𝛽	SE	𝑃	PAH and ETS interaction; 𝑃	𝛽	SE	𝑃	PAH and ETS interaction; 𝑃	𝛽	SE	𝑃	PAH and ETS interaction; 𝑃	𝛽	SE	𝑃	PAH and ETS interaction; 𝑃	𝛽	SE	𝑃	PAH and ETS interaction; 𝑃
∑OH-PHE	−45	65	0.5	0.2	0.7	1.6	0.6	0.04	−0.4	0.3	0.2	0.5	0.1	0.4	0.8	0.3	−0.1	0.2	0.6	0.2	−0.03	0.03	0.4	0.8
∑PHE-diol	−6	29	0.8	0.1	0.2	0.8	0.8	0.06	−0.2	0.1	0.2	0.3	−0.03	0.2	0.9	0.08	−0.2	0.1	0.2	0.9	−0.01	0.02	0.6	0.2
∑OH-PYR	−15	56	0.8	0.3	−0.3	1.3	0.8	0.2	−0.4	0.2	0.06	0.2	−0.1	0.4	0.9	0.5	−0.1	0.2	0.5	0.7	−0.01	0.03	0.7	0.6

Adjusted for: Birth weight: gestational age, newborns’ gender, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal height.
Birth length: gestational age, newborns’ gender, maternal age, maternal height.
Birth head circumference: gestational age, newborns’ gender, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal height, log transformed cotinine level during pregnancy (except PAH and ETS interaction analysis), season of last menstrual period.
Birth chest circumference: gestational age, newborns’ gender, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal height, log transformed cotinine level during pregnancy (except PAH and ETS interaction analysis), parity.
Ponderal index: gestational age, newborns’ gender, maternal age, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal education.
Cephalization index: gestational age, newborns’ gender, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal height.
𝛽-beta coefficient (and SE standard error).
𝑃-𝑃-value.
∗PAH metabolites were log transformed.