Radiopharmaceutical Stem Cell Tracking for Neurological Diseases

Table 1

Preclinical studies using radiopharmaceuticals for stem cell tracking in neurology.

Study reference	Radiopharmaceutical	Model	Animals	Cell type	Route	Time from lesion	Number of treated animals (number of controls)	Number of cells injected	Infusion volume, rate, and duration	Imaging time points
de Haro et al., 2005 [19]	111In-oxine	Spinal cord injury at T8-T10	Wistar rats	Rat BM-MSCs	Tail vein or intralesional	3 months	20 (no controls)	6×10^6	0.1 or 1 mL	3–10 days
Mäkinen et al., 2006 [20]	111In-oxine	Transient MCAO; (120 minutes)	Wistar rats	Human UCB-MNCs	Femoral vein	24 h	Not specified	1--7×10^6	0.5 mL	0 and 24 h
Lappalainen et al., 2008 [21]	111In-oxine	Transient MCAO; (120 minutes)	Wistar rats	Human ES-NPCs or rat HPCs	Common carotid artery or femoral vein	24 h	13 (controls not specified)	1×10^6	0.5 mL	0 and 24 h
Lo et al., 2008 [22]	131I-FIAU	Spinal cord injury at T10	Long-Evans rats	Mouse embryo-derived fibroblasts	Spinal cord at L1 level	0 h	20 (no controls)	1×10^6	0.5 mL	2, 24 and 48 h
Detante et al., 2009 [23]	99mTc-HMPAO	Transient MCAO; (90 minutes)	Sprague-Dawley rats	Human BM-MSCs	Saphenous vein	7 days	9 (9 controls)	3.4±1.2×10^6	1 mL	2 and 20 h
Yoon et al., 2010 [24]	111In-oxine	Traumatic brain injury	Sprague-Dawley rats	Rat BM-MSCs	Tail vein	24 h	3 (2 controls)	1×10^6	1 mL	24 h
Park et al., 2011 [25]	99mTc-HMPAO	Traumatic brain injury	Sprague-Dawley rats	Rat BM-MSCs	Tail vein	Not specified	14 (13 controls)	1×10^6	1 mL	4 h
Vasconcelos-dos-Santos et al., 2012 [26]	99mTc	Permanent thermocoagulation of pial blood vessels	Wistar rats	Human BM-MNCs	Common carotid artery or jugular vein	24 h	12 (8 controls)	3×10^7	0.5 mL	2 and 24 h
Arbab et al., 2012 [27]	111In-oxine	Transient MCAO; (120 minutes)	Wistar rats	Human UTCs	Tail vein	48 h	13 (12 controls)	3×10^8	2 mL	0, 1, and 3 days
Mitkari et al., 2013 [28]	111In-oxine	Transient MCAO; (90 minutes)	Wistar rats	Human BM-MSCs	External carotid artery	24 h	19 (controls not specified)	0.5--1.1×10^6	0.5 mL	30 minutes; and 24 h
Gubert et al., 2013 [29]	99mTc	Permanent bilateral common carotid ligation	Lister hooded rats	Rat BM-MNCs	Tail vein	24 h	23 (no controls)	2×10^7	0.4 mL	1 h
Goldmacher et al., 2013 [30]	111In-oxine	Transient MCAO; (120 minutes)	Sprague-Dawley rats	Rat BM-MSCs	Tail vein	24 h	3 (3 controls)	5×10^5	0.5 mL	4, 20, 44, and; 70 h
Makela et al., 2013 [31]	99mTc-HMPAO	Transient brachiocephalic trunk and subclavian artery occlusion (7 minutes)	Pigs	Pig BM-MNCs	Brachiocephalic trunk	24 h	10 (no controls)	6--20×10^6	Not specified	2, 4, 6, 12, and; 24 h
Manley et al., 2013 [32]	99mTc-HMPAO	Transient MCAO; (60 minutes)	Sprague-Dawley rats	Rat BM-DCs	Carotid artery	3 h	4 (no controls)	2×10^6	0.3 mL/0.1 mL/min	5–20 minutes; and 5-6 h
Ramos et al., 2013 [33]	99mTc	Permanent vertebral occlusion and transient carotid artery occlusion (17 minutes)	Wistar rats	Rat BM-MNCs	Common carotid artery	24 or 72 h	4 (5 controls)	3×10^7	0.3 mL	2 h
Wu et al., 2013 [34]	131I-FIAU	Transient MCAO; (60 minutes)	Sprague-Dawley rats	Rat BM-MSCs	Intracerebral, intraventricular, carotid artery or tail vein	24 h	20 (4 controls)	2×10^6	15 μL (intracerebral and intraventricular) or 0.5 mL (carotid artery or tail vein)	2, 8, and 24 h
Guan et al., 2013 [35]	18F-FDG	Traumatic brain injury	Sprague-Dawley rats	Human BM-MSCs and/or collagen scaffold	Intracerebral	7 days	9 (MSCs); 9 (MSCs + collagen)	3×10^6	0.2 mL	3, 6, and 12 h

111In-oxine: indium-111-oxine; 131I-FIAU: iodine-131-2′-fluoro-2′-deoxy-1-𝛽 D-arabinofuranosyl-5-iodouracil; 18F-FDG: fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose; 99mTc: technetium-99m; 99mTc-HMPAO: technetium-99m-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime; BM-DCs: bone marrow-derived dendritic cells; BM-MNCs: bone marrow mononuclear cells; BM-MSCs: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; EPCs: endothelial progenitor cells; ES-NPCs: embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells; HPCs: hippocampal progenitor cells; MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion; UCB-MNCs: umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells; UTCs: umbilical tissue-derived cells.