Aromatherapy: Does It Help to Relieve Pain, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Community-Dwelling Older Persons?

Table 2

Demographic data of the intervention and control groups.

	Intervention group (𝑛=44)	Control group (𝑛=38)	Group difference
	𝑛 (%); Mean ± SD	𝑛 (%); Mean ± SD	𝑃 value^#
Gender			0.627
Male	7 (15.9)	8 (21.1)
Female	37 (64.1)	30 (78.9)
Age			0.074
65–70	9 (20.5)	6 (15.8)
71–75	8 (18.2)	7 (18.4)
76–80	12 (27.3)	13 (34.2)
Over 80	15 (34.1)	12 (31.6)
Marital status			0.298
Single	3 (6.8)	2 (5.3)
Married	18 (40.9)	17 (44.7)
Divorced	1 (2.3)	0 (0)
Widowed	22 (50)	19 (50)
Education Level			0.559
No formal education	16 (36.4)	19 (50)
Primary level	23 (52.3)	13 (34.2)
Secondary level	5 (11.4)	5 (13.2)
Tertiary level	0 (0)	1 (2.6)
Personal health history (multiple answers can be chosen)
No chronic illnesses	6 (13.6)	3 (7.9)	0.536
Hypertension	31 (70.5)	26 (68.4)	0.130
Diabetes mellitus	10 (22.7)	13 (34.2)	0.825
Heart diseases	4 (9.1)	6 (15.8)	0.593
Stroke	5 (11.4)	1 (2.6)	0.693
Gout	6 (13.6)	12 (31.6)	0.392
Respiratory diseases	4 (9.1)	6 (15.8)	0.435
Arthritis	8 (18.2)	13 (34.2)	0.145
Cataract	13 (29.5)	11 (28.9)	0.715
Others	11 (25)	11 (28.9)	0.932
Living Status			0.485
Alone	16 (36.4)	23 (60.5)
With spouse	9 (20.5)	3 (7.9)
With spouse and children	10 (22.7)	6 (15.8)
With children	8 (18.2)	5 (13.2)
With relatives or friends	1 (2.3)	1 (2.6)
Financial status			0.881
Very poor	0 (0)	0 (0)
Poor	4 (9.1)	5 (13.2)
Average	31 (70.5)	21 (55.3)
Good	9 (20.5)	12 (31.6)
Very good	0 (0)	0 (0)
Previous occupation			0.729
Worker	19 (42.2)	20 (52.6)
Clerk	1 (2.3)	1 (2.6)
Specialized	17 (38.8)	15 (39.5)
Housework	7 (15.9)	2 (5.3)

Percentages may not add up to 100% because of rounding.
^#The Chi-square test was used.
∗A 𝑃 value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.