Research Article
Aromatherapy: Does It Help to Relieve Pain, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Community-Dwelling Older Persons?
Table 5
Use of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions by the intervention and control groups.
| | | Intervention group () | Control group () | Group difference | | | Baseline | Postintervention | value# | Baseline | Postintervention | value# | Baseline | Postintervention | | | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | value# | value# |
| | Use of analgesics | 16 (36.4) | 17 (38.6) | 0.000* | 19 (50) | 18 (47.4) | 0.001* | 0.087 | 0.272 | | Types of analgesics used (multiple answers can be chosen) | | | | | | | 0.513 | 0.714 | | Panadol | 13 (29.5) | 14 (31.8) | 0.000* | 12 (31.6) | 15 (39.5) | 0.088 | | | | Tramadol | 1 (2.3) | 3 (6.8) | | 2 (5.3) | 1 (2.6) | | | | Others | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0) | | 5 (13.2) | 2 (5.3) | | | | Frequency (prescription on PRN) | | | 0.000* | | | 0.010* | 0.629 | 0.767 | | Once daily | 3 (6.8) | 5 (11.4) | | 7 (18.4) | 7 (18.4) | | | | | Twice daily | 4 (9.1) | 6 (13.6) | | 5 (13.2) | 4 (10.5) | | | | | TDS | 4 (9.1) | 3 (6.8) | | 5 (13.2) | 2 (5.3) | | | | | QID | 5 (11.4) | 2 (4.5) | | 0 (0) | 5 (13.2) | | | | | Q4H | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | | | | | Q6H | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | | | | | Use of nonpharmacological interventions | 37 (84.1) | 44 (100) | — | 28 (73.7) | 37 (97.4) | 0.090 | 0.731 | — | | Reasons for not using nonpharmacological interventions (multiple answers can be chosen) | | | | | | | | | | Do not know enough about nonpharmacological interventions | 4 (9.1) | 0 (0) | — | 6 (15.8) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | | No medical/nursing staff have introduced such interventions | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0) | — | 3 (7.9) | 1 (2.6) | — | — | — | | Do not believe this is an effective method of pain relief | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0) | — | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | | No nursing staff to carry out the interventions | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | — | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | | No facilities to carry out the interventions | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | — | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | | Types of nonpharmacological interventions used (multiple answers can be chosen) | | | | | | | | | | Aromatherapy | 0 (0) | 37 (84.1) | — | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | | Analgesic balm/oil | 31 (70.5) | 34 (77.3) | — | 24 (63.2) | 32 (84.2) | — | — | — | | Massage | 14 (31.8) | 17 (38.6) | — | 7 (18.4) | 9 (23.7) | — | — | — | | Hot pad | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0) | — | 11 (28.9) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | | Resting in bed | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0) | — | 7 (18.4) | 2 (5.3) | — | — | — | | Watching television | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0) | — | 6 (15.8) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | | Cold pad | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | — | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | | Chatting | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | — | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | | Listening to music | 0 (0) | 1 (2.3) | — | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | | Mediation | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | | Deep breathing | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | | Others | 14 (31.8) | 0 (0) | — | 4 (10.5) | 6 (15.8) | — | — | — | | Participants’ perceptions of the effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions | 28 (63.6) | 38 (86.4) | 0.008* | 22 (57.9) | 35 (92.1) | 0.296 | 0.380 | 0.168 |
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Percentages may not add up to 100% because of rounding.
#The Chi-square test was used.
A value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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