Cell Death and Deubiquitinases: Perspectives in Cancer

Table 1

Comparative analysis of the different modes of cell death.

Feature	Mode
	Apoptosis	Necrosis	Autophagic cell death	Pyroptosis	Paraptosis	Mitotic catastrophe	Senescence
Programmed	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No
Change in cell volume	Reduction	Increases	—	—	—	Increases	—
Chromatin condensation	Yes and nuclear fragmentation	No	No	—	—	Micronucleation	Heterochromatinization
Organelle status	Generally unaltered	Swelling of organelles	Lysosomal rupture	—	Mitochondria and ER swelling	Multinucleated cells	—
Change in membrane dynamics	Blebbing and PS flipping	Ruptured	—	—	—	—	—
Cytoplasmic material	No sequestration/release	Released due to cell rupture	Sequestered by autophagic vacuolization	—	Vacuolization seen	—	Vacuolization seen
Mitochondrial response	Occasionally	Occasionally	Occasionally	—	—	Occasionally	No
Caspase dependence	In some cases	In some cases	In some cases (caspase-1)	In some cases (caspase-1 or 7)	No	In some cases (caspase-2)	—
Immunological response	Rarely	Yes	No	—	—	—	—
Inflammatory response	Generally no	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	—
ER stress response	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	—	—
DNA damage response	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	—	Yes	Yes
Occurrence	During development, in adult tissues and pathological conditions	Physical injuries and pathological conditions	Stress response and development	In microbial infection as host defence	At times overlaps with other PCDs	Triggered by mitotic failure	Mainly stress-induced, during aging, and may involve telomere-shortening