Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in Warfarin Anticoagulated Patients: Incidence, Risk Factor, Management, and Outcome

Table 5

Univariate analysis of risk factors of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking warfarin.

Variable	Relative risk	95% confidence interval	𝑃 value
Age > 65 yrs	2.5	1.3–5.3	0.02
Mean INR* > 2.1	2.4	1.2–4.5	0.01
History of GIB†	4.6	1.8–11.9	0.002
Cirrhosis	8.9	2.7–29.9	<0.001
Gender	0.6	0.3–1.2	0.2
Smoking	1.0	0.5–2.3	0.8
Alcohol	0.7	0.3–61.8	0.5
Hypertension	0.6	0.8–3.3	0.1
Cardiovascular disease	1.5	0.7–3.1	0.2
Pulmonary disease	1.3	0.5–3.2	0.5
Renal insufficiency	1.1	0.4–3.2	0.8
Malignancy	1.2	0.5–3.0	0.3
Septic shock	3.0	0.9–10.1	0.08
NSAID‡	3.0	0.7–12.7	0.1
Aspirin	0.9	0.3–2.7	1.0
Clopidogrel	0.5	0.07–3.9	0.5
Dipyridamole	2.4	0.9–6.2	0.08
Steroids	1.6	0.5–4.6	0.4

∗INR: international normalization ratio.
†GIB: gastrointestinal bleeding.
‡NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.