Optimal Management of the Critically Ill: Anaesthesia, Monitoring, Data Capture, and Point-of-Care Technological Practices in Ovine Models of Critical Care

Figure 4

Ovine model of smoke inhalation injury. Nebulisation in a conscious sheep (a) in standing position following smoke inhalation via tracheostomy. Anaesthesia was induced using propofol 4 mg/kg IV and maintained with continuous infusion of midazolam 0.7 mg/kg/hr IV and ketamine 8 mg/kg/hr IV to facilitate instrumentation before allowing the sheep to recover. The right facial artery was cannulated to facilitate continuous arterial blood pressure monitoring and serial arterial blood gas analysis (b). Diphoterine or saline was placed in the nebuliser (c) and the sheep had free access to food (d). A Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheter (e) was inserted for continuous monitoring of pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, and continuous cardiac output using thermodilution technique. The animal was ventilated through an open surgical tracheostomy (f). The crush (g) prevented the sheep from making large movements that could dislodge the attached instruments. Animals were monitored for up to 21 hours following instrumentation before being sacrificed.