Autophagy in Alcohol-Induced Multiorgan Injury: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets

Table 1

Summary of in vivo studies on autophagy in alcohol-induced tissue injury.

	Model	Level of autophagy	Role of autophagy	References
Liver	Acute	Activated	Protective	Ding et al., 2010 [90]; Ni et al., 2013 [89]; Thomes et al., 2013 [93]
		Impaired*	Protective	Wu et al., 2012 [91]; Yang et al., 2014 [100]; Zeng et al., 2012 [108]
	Chronic	Activated	Protective	Lin et al., 2013 [99]
Pancreas	Chronic	Impaired	Protective	Fortunato et al., 2009 [202]
Heart	Acute	Activated*	Detrimental	Ge et al., 2011 [213]; Guo and Ren, 2012 [215]; Kandadi et al., 2013 [217]
	Chronic	Activated*	Detrimental	Ge and Ren, 2012 [214]; Guo et al., 2012 [216]
Brain	Acute	Activated	Protective	Chen et al., 2012 [222], Alimov et al., 2013 [224]; Wang et al., 2013 [223]
	Chronic	Impaired	Protective	Pla et al., 2014 [225]
Skeletal muscle	Chronic	Activated	Detrimental	Thapaliya et al., 2014 [235]

Note: *autophagy flux assay is lacked.