Soil Fungal Resources in Annual Cropping Systems and Their Potential for Management

Table 2

General effects of agronomic practices on soil fungal diversity and abundance, disease incidence, soil fertility, crop nutrient use efficiency, and crop growth and yield.

Source of effects	Biodiversity level	Crop growth and productivity	Disease, pests and pathogens	Microbial abundance	Soil fertility	Nutrient use efficiency	References
Biodiversity management
Crop rotation	+^a	+	−	+			[101–108]
Cultivar mix	+	+	−	+			[103, 104, 109]
Intercropping	+	±	−	+			[106]
Cover cropping	+	±	−	+			[106, 107, 110]
Nonmycorrhizal crops	−		+			−	[111]
Transgenic crops	0	±	−	0			[112–117]
Pesticide use	0	+	−	0		−	[118–121]
Weed control	−	+		−		+	[118, 120]
Inoculants		±	+		+	+	[80, 91, 97, 98, 122, 123]
Soil management
Organic amendments	+	+		+	+	±	[102, 124, 125]
Nitrogen fertilizers	±	+		+	+	−	[126, 127]
Mineral fertilization		+		±	+	−	[120, 126]
Tillage	±	±	±	±	±	±	[31, 128–130]

^a+ (positive to no effects), 0 (negligible effects), − (negative to no effects), and ± (variable effect).