NMR-Based Metabolomic Profiling of Overweight Adolescents: An Elucidation of the Effects of Inter-/Intraindividual Differences, Gender, and Pubertal Development

Table 1

Mixed models of Tanner stage and gender effects in overweight adolescents on urinary metabolites^a.

		𝑁^b	Citrate	Creatinine	Hippurate	Phenylacetylglutamine	Urea
Gender	♂	70	27.1 ± 2.4^b	262.9 ± 5.1^b	46.6 ± 3.5^b	38.9 ± 2.4	1358.2 ± 48.4^a
	♀	115	36.4 ± 2.7^a	280.0 ± 5.4^a	57.1 ± 3.9^a	45.4 ± 2.6	1087.3 ± 53.5^b
Tanner stage	1	♂: 5; ♀: 2	49.2 ± 6.8^a	262.8 ± 12.6^b	39.6 ± 9.0	33.7 ± 6.1	1326.5 ± 124.0
	2	♂: 30; ♀: 7	29.7 ± 2.5^bc	262.3 ± 6.9^b	57.0 ± 5.0	41.2 ± 3.3	1211.8 ± 67.9
	3	♂: 18; ♀: 53	30.8 ± 1.7^b	257.7 ± 4.3^b	57.4 ± 3.0	47.5 ± 2.2	1256.6 ± 43.1
	4	♂: 13; ♀: 43	25.1 ± 1.9^c	270.4 ± 6.6^b	56.6 ± 3.8	48.3 ± 2.6	1257.8 ± 54.7
	5	♂: 4; ♀: 10	24.1 ± 4.6^bc	303.8 ± 8.9^a	48.5 ± 6.4	40.0 ± 4.3	1060.9 ± 87.7
Significant effects (P values)	G^c		0.01	0.02	0.05	0.07	0.0002
	T^d		0.005	0.0003	0.30	0.06	0.29
	G * T		0.24	0.81	0.73	0.009	0.03

aValues are the relative concentrations according to a known TSP concentration and expressed mean ± SE; ^bNumber of subjects (♂: boys; ♀: girls); ^cGender; ^dTanner stages; Different letters indicate significant differences within columns (P < 0.05).